Efficient Computation of Shadows for Circular Light Sources

ABSTRACT

Methods and apparatus are provided for displaying shadows of circular light sources. A computing device can determine a light source and an occluding polygon that is between the light source and a receiver surface, where the occluding polygon includes vertices connected by edges. The computing device can determine a shadow of the occluding polygon on the receiver surface by at least: determining, for a particular vertex, a projection vertex on the receiver surface by projecting a ray from the center point through the particular vertex; determining an outline polygon based on the projection vertex; determining a projection circle around the projection vertex; determining a penumbra of the shadow based on exterior tangents outside of the outline polygon; and determining an umbra of the shadow based on interior tangents inside the outline polygon. The computing device can display at least part of the shadow.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/530,282, entitled “Efficient Computation of Shadows for CircularLight Sources”, filed Oct. 31, 2014, which is fully incorporated hereinfor all purposes.

BACKGROUND

Unless otherwise indicated herein, the materials described in thissection are not prior art to the claims in this application and are notadmitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.

Many modern computing devices, including mobile phones, personalcomputers, and tablets, provide graphical user interfaces (GUIs) forpermitting users to interact with the computing device. For example,application programs can use the GUI to communicate with a user usingimages, text, and graphical elements such as windows, dialogs, pop-ups,images, buttons, scrollbars, and icons. The GUI can also receive inputsfrom user-interface devices such as touch screens, computer mice,keyboards, and other user-interface devices to permit the user tocontrol the GUI, and thus the application program.

In some cases, the GUI can be used to interact with an operating system(OS) to manage the computing device. For example, the OS can have acontrol panel or setting application that uses the GUI to draw one ormore windows related to control settings for some aspect(s) of thecomputing device, such as audio controls, video outputs, computermemory, and human language(s) used by the OS (e.g., choose to receiveinformation in English, French, Mandarin, Hindi, Russian, etc.). Thecontrol panel/settings application can receive subsequent input relatedto the window(s) using the GUI. The GUI can provide the inputs to theOS, via the control panel/settings application, to manage the computingdevice.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, a method is provided. A computing device determines alight source. The light source is configured to emit light and the lightsource includes a center point. The computing device determines anoccluding polygon that is between the light source and a receiversurface. The occluding polygon includes a plurality of occluding-polygonvertices connected by occluding-polygon edges. The computing devicedetermines a shadow of the occluding polygon on the receiver surface byat least: for a particular occluding-polygon vertex in the plurality ofoccluding-polygon vertices, determining a projection vertex on thereceiver surface based on a ray projected from the center point throughthe particular occluding-polygon vertex; determining an outline polygonbased on the projection vertex; determining a projection circle aroundthe projection vertex; determining a penumbra of the shadow of theoccluding polygon based on one or more exterior tangents to theprojection circle that are outside of the outline polygon; anddetermining an umbra of the shadow of the occluding polygon based on oneor more interior tangents to the projection circle that are inside ofthe outline polygon. The computing device provides at least part of theshadow of the occluding polygon for display.

In another aspect, a computing device is provided. The computing deviceincludes one or more processors and data storage. The data storage isconfigured to store at least executable instructions. The executableinstructions, when executed by the one or more processors, cause thecomputing device to perform functions. The functions include:determining a light source configured to emit light, where the lightsource includes a center point; determining an occluding polygon betweenthe light source and a receiver surface, where the occluding polygonincludes a plurality of occluding-polygon vertices connected byoccluding-polygon edges; determining a shadow of the occluding polygonon the receiver surface by at least: for a particular occluding-polygonvertex in the plurality of occluding-polygon vertices, determining aprojection vertex on the receiver surface based on a ray projected fromthe center point through the particular occluding-polygon vertex,determining an outline polygon based on the projection vertex,determining a projection circle around the projection vertex,determining a penumbra of the shadow of the occluding polygon based onone or more exterior tangents to the projection circle that are outsideof the outline polygon, and determining an umbra of the shadow of theoccluding polygon based on one or more interior tangents to theprojection circle that are inside of the outline polygon; and providingat least part of the shadow of the occluding polygon for display.

In another aspect, an article of manufacture is provided. The article ofmanufacture includes a tangible computer readable medium configured tostore at least executable instructions. The executable instructions,when executed by one or more processors of a computing device, cause thecomputing device to perform functions. The functions include:determining a light source configured to emit light, where the lightsource includes a center point; determining an occluding polygon betweenthe light source and a receiver surface, where the occluding polygonincludes a plurality of occluding-polygon vertices connected byoccluding-polygon edges; determining a shadow of the occluding polygonon the receiver surface by at least: for each occluding-polygon vertexin the plurality of occluding-polygon vertices, determining a projectionvertex on the receiver surface based on a ray projected from the centerpoint through the occluding-polygon vertex, determining an outlinepolygon based on the projection vertex, determining a projection circlearound the projection vertex, determining a penumbra of the shadow ofthe occluding polygon based on one or more exterior tangents to theprojection circle that are outside of the outline polygon, anddetermining an umbra of the shadow of the occluding polygon based on oneor more interior tangents to the projection circle that are inside ofthe outline polygon; and providing at least part of the shadow of theoccluding polygon for display.

In another aspect, a device is provided. The device includes: means fordetermining a light source configured to emit light, where the lightsource includes a center point; means for determining an occludingpolygon between the light source and a receiver surface, where theoccluding polygon includes a plurality of occluding-polygon verticesconnected by occluding-polygon edges; means for determining a shadow ofthe occluding polygon on the receiver surface that include: means for,determining, for each occluding-polygon vertex in the plurality ofoccluding-polygon vertices, a projection vertex on the receiver surfacebased on a ray projected from the center point through theoccluding-polygon vertex, means for determining an outline polygon basedon the projection vertex, means for determining a projection circlearound the projection vertex, means for determining a penumbra of theshadow of the occluding polygon based on one or more exterior tangentsto the projection circle that are outside of the outline polygon, andmeans for determining an umbra of the shadow of the occluding polygonbased on one or more interior tangents to the projection circle that areinside of the outline polygon; and means for providing at least part ofthe shadow of the occluding polygon for display.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a flow chart illustrating a method for generating a displayincluding a shadow, in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 2A shows a scenario with a circular light source emitting lightonto an occluding polygon and a corresponding spot shadow outlinepolygon on a receiver surface, in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 2B shows the spot shadow outline polygon of FIG. 2A with projectioncircles, in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 2C shows the spot shadow outline polygon of FIG. 2A with an umbraand a penumbra, in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 2D shows the spot shadow outline polygon of FIG. 2A with a shadow,in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 2E shows a rendering of the occluding polygon of FIG. 2A and theshadow of FIG. 2D, in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 3A shows a circular light source emitting light onto an occludingpolygon and a corresponding spot shadow outline polygon on a receiversurface, in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 3B shows the spot shadow outline polygon of FIG. 3A with projectioncircles, in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 4A shows the spot shadow outline polygon of FIG. 3A with an umbraand a penumbra of a shadow, in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 4B shows polygonal representation of arcs in used in forming thepenumbra of FIG. 4A, in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 4C shows polygonal representations of a penumbra and an umbra of ashadow, in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 4D shows additional polygonal representations of a penumbra and anumbra of a shadow, in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a method for generating a displayincluding a shadow, in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 6A shows an ambient outline polygon with expansion circles andambient exterior tangents, in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 6B shows an ambient shadow polygon with the ambient outline polygonof FIG. 6A, in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 6C shows a tessellation of the ambient shadow polygon of FIG. 6B,in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 7A shows a circular light source and an ambient light sourceemitting light onto an occluding polygon and a corresponding spot shadowoutline polygon on a receiver surface, in accordance with an exampleembodiment.

FIG. 7B shows heights of vertices of above the receiver surface of FIG.7A, in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 7C shows the spot shadow outline polygon of FIG. 7A with projectioncircles, in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 7D shows the spot shadow outline polygon of FIG. 7A with an umbraand penumbra of a shadow, in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 7E shows an ambient outline polygon and an ambient shadow polygon,in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 8A shows an occluding polygon, in accordance with an exampleembodiment.

FIG. 8B shows a tessellation of an ambient shadow polygon for theoccluding polygon of FIG. 8A, in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 8C shows a graphical user interface (GUI) with a display of anambient shadow, in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 8D shows a tessellation of a shadow of the occluding polygon ofFIG. 8A, in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 8E shows a GUI with a display of an ambient shadow and a spotshadow, in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 8F shows a GUI with a display of the occluding polygon of FIG. 8A,an ambient shadow, and a spot shadow, in accordance with an exampleembodiment.

FIG. 9 depicts a GUI related to shadows, in accordance with an exampleembodiment.

FIG. 10 depicts two GUIs, each displaying a pattern of overlappingrectangles, in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 11 depicts a distributed computing architecture, in accordance withan example embodiment.

FIG. 12A is a block diagram of a computing device, in accordance with anexample embodiment.

FIG. 12B depicts a cloud-based server system, in accordance with anexample embodiment.

FIG. 13 is a flow chart illustrating a method, in accordance with anexample embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Modern graphical user interfaces can use depth to convey importance andstructure. One intuitive technique to convey depth is to use shadows.Current approaches to shadows have been limited to replicate very simplelighting models. These simple lighting models often lack realism. Otherapproaches, such as shadow mapping and shadow volumes, can be toocomputationally expensive for mobile devices, such as smart phones.Further, these other approaches are typically targeted to shadow objectswith complex geometries. In contrast, a graphical user interface for amobile device often renders objects with simple geometries, such ascircles, triangles, and rectangles and related objects, such as roundedrectangles and ellipses.

Shadows can be cast by light emitted to one or more direct lightsources, such as circular or point light sources, and then blocked byone or more occluding objects. Such shadows cast by direct light sourcesare termed herein as “spot shadows”. Other shadows can be cast byblockage of ambient light in an environment by one or more occludingobjects. The shadows cast by ambient light are termed herein “ambientshadows”. In some cases, ambient light can be modeled as being emittedby an ambient light source.

A direct approach to providing spot shadows for polygons can begin witha fairly simple lighting configuration; e.g., simulating a planarpolygon being illuminated by a circular light source using a computingdevice. The circular light source can be represented as a center pointand perhaps a non-zero radius. Based on the geometry and physicalcomputation, the spot shadow of light emitted by the circular lightsource that is cast by the planar polygon upon a receiver surface(background surface) can be generated.

In a relatively simple example, the simulation can involve a lightsource, a polygon and one surface in 3-dimensional space (3-D)—acircular light source, an occluding polygon, and a background orreceiver surface. The occluding polygon can block light emitted from thecircular light source that otherwise would reach the receiver surfaceand so cast a shadow on the receiver surface. In a real world examplethat could be modeled by the simulation, light emitted through acircular lamp shade (a circular light source) toward a wall (a receiversurface) can be partially blocked by a birthday card (an occludingpolygon) held between the lamp shade and the wall. Then, the birthdaycard would cast a shadow of light emitted from the lamp shade on thewall; e.g., the shadow of light is a spot shadow of the birthday card.

The simulation can involve the following procedures:

1. Casting rays from the center of the circular light source to verticesof occluding polygon to produce an “outline” polygon where the raysreach the receiver surface.

2. For each vertex of the outline polygon, compute a projection circle,where a radius of the projection circle is proportional to the heightabove the receiver surface of the vertex of the occluding polygon thatcorresponds to the vertex of the outline polygon, and where a center ofthe projection circle is the vertex of the outline polygon.

3. For each projection circle, determine an exterior tangent, where theexterior tangent to the projection circle can be a tangent to theprojection circle that intersects the projection circle at a point thatis outside of spot shadow outline polygon SSOP, and let the point thatintersects the projection circle outside of spot shadow outline polygonSSOP be called a penumbra vertex. The penumbra vertex can be a pointwhere a ray of starting at the center of the projection circle anddirected away from spot shadow outline polygon SSOP intersects theprojection circle. As an example, a normal to an edge of the outlinepolygon can be determined, and a ray RN1 starting at the center of theprojection circle can be drawn in the direction of the normal anddirected away from spot shadow polygon SSOP. Then, a penumbra vertex canbe located at the point where ray RN1 intersects the projection circle,and an exterior tangent can be drawn at the penumbra vertex. A penumbraarea can be formed using the exterior tangents and arcs of projectioncircles between exterior tangents. In other embodiments, a convex hullof the penumbra vertices can be used to form the penumbra area.

4. For each projection circle, determine an interior tangent, where theinterior tangent to the projection circle can be a tangent to theprojection circle that intersects the projection circle at a point thatis inside of spot shadow outline polygon SSO, and let the point thatintersects the projection circle inside of spot shadow outline polygonSSOP be called an umbra vertex. The umbra vertex can be a point where aray starting at the center of the projection circle and directed towardspot shadow outline polygon SSOP intersects the projection circle. As anexample, a centroid (or center) of spot shadow outline polygon SSOP canbe determined and a ray RN2 can be drawn starting at the center of theprojection circle and directed toward the centroid of spot shadowpolygon SSOP. Then, an umbra vertex can be located at the point whereray RN2 intersects the projection circle. An umbra area can then beformed by determining the convex hull of the umbra vertices (e.g.,connect the umbra vertices to form the umbra area).

5. In some cases, a tessellation of the umbra area and a spot shadowregion between the edge of the umbra area and the edge of the penumbraarea can be generated. Several techniques for determining thetessellation are possible. One technique can involve generating raysfrom the centroid of the umbra area to both umbra and penumbra vertices.Additional umbra vertices can be generated where the rays intersect theedge of the umbra area, and additional penumbra vertices can begenerated where the rays intersect the edge of the penumbra area. Togenerate the tessellation, the penumbra and umbra vertices for each raycan be connected.

Another tessellation technique can include taking each penumbra vertex,finding the closest umbra vertex, and connecting the two vertices with aconnecting line. Then, as both the penumbra area and the umbra area areconvex polygons, the set of connecting lines and the borders of theumbra and penumbra areas lead to a tessellation of a spot shadow regionusing triangles and/or convex quadrangles. A convex quadrangle can betessellated into two triangles by connecting a pair of non-adjacentvertices with a connecting line, and so this technique can be utilizedto tessellate the spot shadow region with triangles.

In particular embodiments, transparency values of the vertices of thetessellation inside or on the edge of the umbra area can be set toopaque (not transparent) and transparency values of vertices of thetessellation on the edge of the penumbra area can be set to transparent.In other cases, other renderable representations for the spot shadowregion rather than a tessellation can be generated. This tessellationtechnique does not include generating additional rays or rayintersections, and therefore does not lead to adding additional umbra orpenumbra vertices.

6. In some cases, either before or after the tessellation performed inthe prior step, the occluding polygon can be projected onto the receiversurface to form an occluding polygon space. Then, to avoid overdraw, anyportion of the union of the umbra area and the shadow region thatintersects with the occluding polygon space can be deleted from thetessellation.

7. At least a portion of the occluding polygon and/or the tessellationof the umbra area and the shadow region can be rendered for display. IfSteps 5 and 6 use triangles in tessellating the umbra area and shadowregion, a graphics processor, such as a graphics processing unit (GPU),may be able to easily render the triangles in the tessellation. GPUrendering of shadows can help performance of the computing device,especially mobile devices, since GPUs on mobile devices may haverelatively-low pixel filling rates compared to other devices.

A similar approach can be used to simulate shadows cast by ambientlight; that is, light from one or more indirect light sources. Forexample, in a room with several lamps, a portion of the room can be litfrom light emitted by one or more of the lamps that has hit one or moreobjects in the room (e.g., walls, ceiling, floor, furniture, lampbodies), bounced off these objects one or more times, and reached theportion of the room. In this example, ambient light can be the lightthat has reached the portion of the room indirectly. In some scenarios,ambient light can be represented as light generated by a very large orinfinitely-sized planar or dome-shaped light source which can emit lightin all directions equally.

Simulation of a shadow of an occluding polygon cast by ambient lightonto a receiver surface can involve the following procedures:

1. Determine an ambient outline polygon by projecting the occludingpolygon to the receiver surface using a projection matrix for thedisplay.

2. For each vertex of the ambient outline polygon, determine anexpansion circle. A radius of the expansion circle can be proportionalto the height above the receiver surface of the vertex of the occludingpolygon that corresponds to the vertex of the ambient outline polygon,and where a center of the expansion circle is the vertex of the ambientoutline polygon.

3. An ambient shadow polygon can be determined based on the expansioncircles for the vertices of the ambient outline polygon. For eachprojection circle, determine normals to the edges of the outline polygonassociated with the vertex of the ambient shadow polygon at the centerof the expansion circle. For each normal, draw a ray from the center ofthe expansion circle away from the ambient outline polygon in thedirection of the normal, and take an exterior tangent to the expansioncircle at an “ambient vertex”, which can be a point where the rayintersects the expansion circle. The convex hull of the ambientvertices, or some other representation of the exterior tangents of theexpansion circles, can be used as the ambient shadow polygon.

4. To smooth the corners of the ambient shadow polygon, the two normalsassociated with a corner of the ambient shadow polygon can beinterpolated, one or more rays emitted from the center of the expansioncircle emitted in the direction(s) of the interpolated normal(s) awayfrom the ambient outline polygon, and additional ambient verticesdetermined where the ray(s) along the interpolated normal(s) intersectthe expansion circle. Then, the ambient shadow polygon can berecalculated based on the additional ambient vertices; e.g., the convexhull can be regenerated using the additional ambient vertices as well.

5. A tessellation of the ambient outline polygon and an ambient shadowregion between the edge of the ambient outline polygon and the edge ofthe ambient shadow polygon can be generated. In particular embodiments,transparency values of the vertices of the tessellation inside or on theedge of the ambient outline polygon can be set to opaque (nottransparent), a value based on a height of a corresponding vertex, orsome other value(s). In still other embodiments, transparency values ofvertices of the tessellation on the edge of the ambient shadow polygoncan be set to transparent. In other cases, other renderablerepresentations for the shadow region rather than a tessellation can begenerated.

6. At least a portion of the occluding polygon and/or the tessellationof the ambient outline polygon and the ambient shadow region can berendered for display.

These approaches to shadow simulation can provide realistic lookingshadows for both circular light sources and ambient light sources whileusing limited processing power. In the context of GUIs, the resultingshadowed objects can have shadows that look more correct compared toother approaches without incurring a performance penalty so great tomake the GUI unusable. Further, GUI objects with shadows can be readilyidentified as being on top of (or below) other GUI elements, as usersare intuitively aware of visual cues provided by shadows. Also, shadowsare relatively unobtrusive, providing depth information withoutrequiring too much user attention to observe the GUI. Other softwarethan GUIs, such as games and other software applications, also can usethe herein-described techniques to provide realistic looking shadows ata reasonable computational cost.

Generating Displays of Shadows of Circular Light Sources and AmbientLight

FIG. 1 is a flow chart illustrating method 100 for generating a displayincluding a shadow, in accordance with an example embodiment. Method 100and the functionality of scenario 200 can be carried out by hardware ofa computing device and/or computer-readable instructions executed by oneor more processors of the computing device, such as computing device1200 discussed below in the context of FIG. 12A.

Method 100 can begin at block 110, where the computing device candetermine a simulated light source with a center point, such as acircular light source having at least a center point C and radius R, asimulated occluding polygon OP, and a simulated receiver surface RS. Insome embodiments, the computing device can verify that occluding polygonOP is between the circular light source and receiver surface RS. Asoccluding polygon OP is a polygon, occluding polygon OP is a planarshape that has at least three sides that are connected at an equalnumber of vertices. In other embodiments, if radius R (is less than or)equals 0, then the circular light source can be a point light sourceemitted light from center point 0.

At block 120, for each occluding vertex OV of occluding polygon OP, thecomputing device can simulate casting a ray from center point C throughOV to reach an intersection point, denoted as IP(OV), on the receiversurface. As vertex OP is a vertex of occluding polygon OP, Vertex OV canbe termed as an occluding vertex.

At block 130, the computing device can determine spot shadow outlinepolygon SSOP by connecting the intersection points with line segmentsthat lie in the plane of receiver surface RS. As intersection points arebased on rays through vertices of occluding polygon OP, eachintersection point IP(OV) of the intersection points can be a vertexSSOPV of spot shadow outline polygon SSOP, where SSOPV can be associatedwith a vertex OV of occluding polygon OP. A particular occluding vertexOVp of an occluding polygon OP can be associated with a particularintersection point IPp or spot shadow outline polygon vertex SSOPVp whenintersection point IPp or vertex SSOPVp is a projection of occludingvertex OVp onto receiver surface 724 made by a simulated ray castthrough occluding vertex OVp in block 120.

For example, FIGS. 2A-2E show a scenario 200 for simulating shadows. InFIG. 2A, circular light source 210 is shown with light source center 212and light source radius 214 emitting light toward receiver surface 224.Some of the light emitted by circular light source 210 is intercepted,or occluded, by occluding polygon (OP) 220. Occluding polygon OP 220 hasfive vertices: OV1, OV2, OV3, OV4, and OV5. Each vertex OV1-OV5 ofoccluding polygon OP 220 can have a height measured with respect toreceiver surface 224—FIG. 2A shows a height H(OV3) 222 determined forvertex OV3 indicating a distance that vertex OV3 is above receiversurface 222. In scenario 200, occluding polygon OP 220 is parallel toreceiver surface 224, and so each of vertices OV1-OV5 has the sameheight; e.g., H(OV1), the height of vertex OV1, =H(OV3), H(OV2)=H(OV3),H(OV4)=H(OV3), and H(OV5)=H(OV3).

Spot shadow outline polygon (SSOP) 230 is determined during scenario 200by simulated emission of rays of light from light source center 212 oflight source 210 that pass through each of the vertices of occludingpolygon OP 220 and reach receiver surface 224. For example, FIG. 2Ashows a ray of light emitted from light source center 212 passingthrough vertex OV1 of occluding polygon OP 220 to reach receiver surface224 at intersection point (IP) 1. Similarly, FIG. 2A shows separate raysof light emitted from light source center 212 passing through each ofvertex OV2, OV3, OV4, and OV5 of occluding polygon OP 220 to reachreceiver surface 224 at respective intersection points IP2, IP3, IP4,and IP5. Then, each vertex OV1, OV2, OV3, OV4, and OV5 can be associatedwith respective intersection points IP1, IP2, IP3, IP4, and IP5, wherethe intersection points are also vertices of spot shadow outline polygon230. Spot shadow outline polygon SSOP 230 can then be formed byconnecting the intersection points IP1-IP5 with line segments in theplane of receiver surface 224.

At block 140 of method 100, for each vertex SSOPV of spot shadow outlinepolygon SSOP, the computing device can determine projection circle PCcentered at SSOPV. The radius R of projection circle PC can depend onH(OV(SSOPV)), height above receiver surface RS of an occluding vertex OVthat is associated with a spot shadow outline polygon vertex SSOPV.

As an example, FIG. 2B shows receiver surface 224 for scenario 200 withspot shadow outline polygon SSOP 230 indicated with five vertices IP1,IP2, IP3, IP4, and IP5, where each vertex is an intersection pointdetermined at block 120. Each vertex IP1, IP2, IP3, IP4, and IP5 isshown in FIG. 2B is at the center of a respective projection circle PC1,PC2, PC3, PC4, and PC5. Each of projection circles PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4,and PC5 is the same size in scenario 200, as the size of each of theradii for projection circles PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4, and PC5 is the same.For example, the occluding polygon vertex corresponding to intersectionpoint IP1 is vertex OV1, and the occluding polygon vertex correspondingto intersection point IP2 is vertex OV2; that is OV(IP1)=OV1 andOV(IP2)=OV2. Also, in scenario 200, the heights of vertex OV1 and OV2are equal; that is H(OV1)=H(OV2). In scenario 200, the radius R of eachprojection circle PC is proportional to H(OV(SSOPV)); that isR=p1*H(OV(SSOPV)), where p1>0 is a constant of proportionality usedthroughout scenario 200.

Then the radius for projection circle PC1, R(PC1)=p1*H(OV(IP1)) and theradius for projection circle PC2, R(PC2)=p1*H(OV(IP2)). As OV(IP1)=OV1,and OV(IP2)=OV2, then R(PC1)=p1*H(OV1) and R(PC2)=p1*H(OV2). Then, asH(OV1)=H(OV2), R(PC1)=R(PC2). Similar calculations indicates that radiifor projection circles PC1-PC5 are equal; e.g.,R(PC1)=R(PC2)=R(PC3)=R(PC4)=R(PC5).

At block 150 of method 100, for each projection circle PC, the computingdevice can determine an exterior tangent ET to PC and an interiortangent IT to PC.

As one technique for determining exterior tangents, the computing devicecan determine, for each projection circle PC, normals N1 and N2 torespective edges E1 and E2 of spot shadow outline polygon SSOPassociated with the vertex SSOPV at the center of projection circle PC.Then, for each normal N1 and N2, draw a ray from the center of theprojection circle away from the spot shadow outline polygon SSOP in thedirection of the normal. The computing device can determine a penumbravertex PV is at a point where the ray away from the spot shadow outlinepolygon SSOP in the direction of the normal intersects the projectioncircle that is outside, or exterior to, spot shadow outline polygonSSOP. The exterior tangent then can be drawn at penumbra vertex PV.

As another technique for determining exterior tangents, a bisector anglefor an exterior angle of spot shadow outline polygon SSOP can bedetermined. Then, a ray can be sent from a center of a projectioncircle; i.e., a vertex of spot shadow outline polygon SSOP in thedirection of the bisector angle for the exterior angle until the rayreaches the projection circle, where a penumbra vertex can be specifiedas the point where the ray reaches the projection circle. Then, anexterior tangent to the projection circle can be drawn at the penumbravertex. Other techniques for determining exterior tangents and penumbravertices are possible as well.

For example, FIG. 2C shows spot shadow outline polygon SSOP 230 ofscenario 200 with projection circle PC1 having vertex 240, which is alsoa vertex of spot shadow outline polygon SSOP 230. Vertex 240 is anendpoint of edges (E) 242 and 244 of spot shadow outline polygon SSOP230. FIG. 2C shows edge 242 having normal 246 that is drawn at multipleplaces along edge 242, and shows edge 244 having normal 248 that isdrawn at multiple places along edge 242. In scenario 200, a ray drawn inthe direction of normal 246 from vertex 240 (at the center of projectioncircle PC1) away from spot shadow outline polygon SSOP 230 reachesprojection circle PC1 at penumbra vertex (PV) 252. In scenario 200, aray drawn in the direction of normal 248 from vertex 240 away from spotshadow outline polygon SSOP 230 reaches projection circle PC1 atpenumbra vertex 254.

An arc along projection circle can be drawn between a penumbra vertexPV(N1) where the ray in the direction of normal N1 reaches theprojection circle and penumbra vertex PV(N2) where the ray in thedirection of normal N2 reaches the projection circle, and where the arcdoes not intersect spot shadow outline polygon SSOP. Two exteriortangents can have an endpoint based on projection circle PC—one exteriortangent ET1 can end at penumbra vertex PV(N1) and another exteriortangent ET2 can end at penumbra vertex PV(N2). ET1 (ET2) can travel inthe general direction of edge E1 (E2) until reaching a penumbra vertexfor a projection circle for the other endpoint of edge E1 (E2). Then,the exterior tangent can be drawn from PV(N1) (PV(N2)) in the directionof edge E1 (E2) until reaching IP2.

For example, FIG. 2C shows exterior tangent (ET) 258 drawn betweenpenumbra vertex 252 and penumbra vertex 262, with penumbra vertex 262located where a ray in the direction of normal 246 intersects withprojection circle PC5 outside of spot shadow outline polygon SSOP 230,and shows exterior tangent 260 drawn between penumbra vertex 254 andpenumbra vertex 266, which is located where a ray in the direction ofnormal 248 intersects with projection circle PC2 outside of spot shadowoutline polygon SSOP 230. Exterior tangents 258 and 260 can be connectedusing arc 256 of projection circle PC1 between penumbra vertices 252 and254.

As one technique for determining interior tangents, the computing devicecan determine, for each projection circle PC, a ray starting at thecenter of projection circle PC (which is a vertex of spot shadow outlinepolygon SSOP) through a centroid of spot shadow outline polygon SSOP.Then, let umbra vertex UV be a point on projection circle PC where theray through the centroid intersects projection circle PC. In this case,umbra vertex UV is within spot shadow outline polygon SSOP.

As another technique for determining interior tangents, a bisector anglefor an interior angle of spot shadow outline polygon SSOP can bedetermined. Then, a ray can be sent from a center of a projectioncircle; i.e., a vertex of spot shadow outline polygon SSOP in thedirection of the bisector angle for the interior angle until the rayreaches the projection circle, where an umbra vertex can be specified asthe point where the ray reaches the projection circle. Then, an interiortangent to the projection circle can be drawn at the umbra vertex. Othertechniques for determining internal tangents and umbra vertices arepossible as well.

Two interior tangents can have an endpoint based on umbra vertex UV ofprojection circle PC. The center of projection circle PC can be anendpoint for two edges, E1 and E2, of the spot shadow outline polygonSSOP. One interior tangent IT1 can start at umbra vertex UV, go in thedirection of edge E1, and end an umbra vertex UV1 generated as discussedabove for umbra vertex UV for a projection circle PC1 around vertex V1at the other endpoint of edge E1. A second interior tangent IT2 canstart at umbra vertex UV, go in the direction of edge E2, and end anumbra vertex UV2 generated as discussed above for umbra vertex UV, for aprojection circle PC2 around vertex V2 at the other endpoint of edge E2.

For example, FIG. 2C shows that, as part of scenario 200, spot shadowoutline polygon SSOP 230 has centroid 272. One technique to determinecentroid 272 is to determine intersection of a ray from the light sourcecenter 212 passing through a centroid of occluding polygon OP 220 withreceiver surface 224. During scenario 200, rays are generated fromcentroid 272 to the vertices of spot shadow outline polygon SSOP 230,such as ray 274 a going from centroid 272 and passing through umbravertex (UV) 276 a before reaching vertex 264 at the center of projectioncircle PC5, ray 274 b from centroid 272 and passing through umbra vertex276 b before reaching vertex 240 at the center of projection circle PC1,and ray 274 c from centroid 272 passing through umbra vertex 276 cbefore reaching vertex 268 at the center of projection circle PC2. Then,FIG. 2C shows two interior tangents have an endpoint at umbra vertex 276b on projection circle PC1: interior tangent (IT) 278 a between umbravertex 276 a on projection circle PC5 and umbra vertex 276 b, andinterior tangent 278 b between umbra vertex 276 b and umbra vertex 276 con projection circle PC2.

At block 160 of method 100, the computing device can form umbra UM as apolygon including interior tangents ITs from all projection circles PCof spot shadow outline polygon SSOP. The union of the interior tangentsand umbra vertices for all projection circles PC generated at block 150forms a polygon that can be labeled as umbra UM. An example umbra UM 280is shown in FIG. 2C as a polygon formed by the union of interiortangents, including interior tangents 278 a and 278 b, and umbravertices, including umbra vertices 276 a, 276 b, and 276 c.

At block 170 of method 100, the computing device can form penumbra PENas a polygon (or other penumbra area) formed by exterior tangents ETsfrom all projection circles PC of spot shadow outline polygon SSOP pluspolygonal, or other, representation of arcs between exterior tangentsETs. In scenario 200, the union of exterior tangents, including exteriortangents 258 and 260, and connecting arcs, including arc 256, for spotshadow outline polygon SSOP 230 can form penumbra PEN 270 shown in FIG.2C.

An example polygonal representation of an arc between two endpoints EP1and EP2 is a line segment between EP1 and EP2. In some embodiments, aconvex hull of the penumbra vertices can be used to form penumbra PEN.The convex hull can include a line segment for each pair of penumbravertices associated with a common projection circle, where the linesegment is a polygonal representation replacing an arc on the commonprojection circle.

In other embodiments, the arcs between intersection points at the sameprojection circle can be replaced a polygonal representation using twoor more line segments. To smooth the corners of penumbra PEN, the twonormals associated with a corner of penumbra PEN can be interpolated,with one or more rays emitted from the center of the projection circleemitted in the direction(s) of the interpolated normal(s) away from spotshadow outline polygon SSOP, and additional penumbra vertices determinedwhere the ray(s) along the interpolated normal(s) intersect theexpansion circle. Then, a polygon for penumbra PEN can be recalculatedbased on the additional penumbra vertices; e.g., the convex hull can beregenerated using the additional penumbra vertices.

For example, the angle between normals associated with a projectioncircle PC can be interpolated to obtain one or more interpolated anglesIA1, IA2 . . . . For each interpolated angle IA, a ray can be cast fromthe center of projection circle PC in a direction along interpolatedangle IA that is headed away from spot shadow outline polygon SSOP tointersect projection circle PC at an interpolated intersection pointIIP. Then, to represent the arc between two penumbra vertices PV(N1) andPV(N2) using n interpolated intersection points IIP1, IIP2, . . . IIPn,n>0, that interpolate angles from N1 to N2, line segments can be drawnbetween: (1) PV(N1) and a first interpolated intersection point IIP1,(2) IIP1 and a second interpolated intersection point IIP2, (n+1)between interpolated intersection point IIPn and PV(N2) is drawn. Inthis example, if interpolated intersection point(s) are used, theinterpolated intersection point(s) can treated as penumbra vertices,Then, penumbra PEN can be a convex hull around intersectionpoints/penumbra vertices including the interpolated intersectionpoint(s), and so can include one or more line segments between one ormore interpolated intersection points. Other techniques for representingarcs between intersection points are possible as well.

In still other embodiments, an exterior tangent from PV(N1) to anotherintersection point IP2/penumbra vertex PV for edge E1 can be connectedvia the arc between PV(N1) and PV(N2) to the exterior tangent fromPV(N2) to another intersection point IP3/penumbra vertex PV3 for edgeE2. Connecting the exterior tangents via arcs can be repeated for all ofthe projection circles for spot shadow outline polygon SSOP to lead to apenumbra area PENA. In these embodiments, penumbra area PENA may notmeet the definition of a polygon, as the arcs are segments of a circle,not line segments; however, in some cases (e.g., cases where arcs arerepresented as collections of line segments), penumbra area PENA may beused as penumbra PEN.

At block 180 of method 100, the computing device can determine a shadowfor occluding polygon OP based on union of umbra UM and penumbra PEN. Insome embodiments, a tessellation of the umbra UM and a shadow regionbetween the edge of umbra UM and the edge of the penumbra PEN can begenerated. In particular embodiments, transparency values of thevertices of the tessellation inside or on the edge of umbra UM can beset to opaque (not transparent) and transparency values of vertices ofthe tessellation on the edge of penumbra PEN can be set to transparent.In other cases, other renderable representations for the shadow regionrather than a tessellation can be generated. In particular embodiments,the tessellation can be formed using triangles alone.

In other embodiments, either before or after the above-mentionedtessellation, occluding polygon OP can be projected onto receiversurface RS to form an occluding polygon space. Then, to avoid overdraw,any portion of the union of the umbra area and the shadow region thatintersects with the occluding polygon space can be deleted from thetessellation.

For example, FIG. 2D shows example spot shadow 290 for scenario 200 thatincludes penumbra PEN 270 and umbra UM 280. FIG. 2D also shows spotshadow outline polygon 230 which may or may not be part of spot shadow290.

At block 190 of method 100, the computing device can generate a displaythat includes at least a portion of the occluding polygon OP and theshadow. For example, FIG. 2E shows example spot shadow 290 for scenario200 that includes penumbra PEN 270 and umbra UM 280 rendered along witha rendering 292 of occluding polygon 220.

FIGS. 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, and 4C show a scenario 300 for simulating shadows.The functionality of scenario 300 can be carried out by hardware of acomputing device and/or computer-readable instructions executed by oneor more processors of the computing device, such as computing device1200 discussed below in the context of FIG. 12A.

In FIG. 3A, circular light source 310 is shown with light source center312 emitting light toward receiver surface 324. Some of the lightemitted by circular light source 310 is occluded by occluding polygon320, which is a rectangle having four vertices. In scenario 300,occluding polygon 320 is parallel to receiver surface 324, and so eachof the vertices of occluding polygon has the same height.

Spot shadow outline polygon 330 is determined during scenario 400 bysimulated emission of rays of light from light source center 312 oflight source 310 that pass through each of the vertices of occludingpolygon OP 320 and reach receiver surface 324. For example, FIG. 3Ashows a ray of light emitted from light source center 312 passingthrough vertex OV11 of occluding polygon OP 320 to reach receiversurface 324 at an intersection point, labeled as vertex (V) V11.Similarly, FIG. 3A shows separate rays of light emitted from lightsource center 212 passing through each other vertex of occluding polygonOP 320 to reach receiver surface 224 at respective intersection pointslabeled as V12, V13, and V14. Spot shadow outline polygon 330 can thenbe formed by connecting vertices V11, V12, V13, and V14 with linesegments in the plane of receiver surface 324.

FIG. 3B shows the spot shadow outline polygon 330 with projectioncircles PC11, PC12, PC13, and PC14, in accordance with an exampleembodiment. In FIG. 3B, each vertex V11, V12, V13, and V14 of spotshadow outline polygon 330 centers of a respective projection circlePC11, PC12, PC13, and PC14. Each of projection circles PC11, PC12, PC13,and PC14 is the same size in scenario 300, as each of, as the heights ofthe vertices of occluding polygon 320 are the same and the radii of theprojection circles in scenario 300 are proportional to the respectiveheights of the vertices of occluding polygon 320, such as discussedabove in more detail with respect to FIG. 2B.

FIG. 4A shows the spot shadow outline polygon 330 of scenario 300 withumbra 410 and penumbra 420, in accordance with an example embodiment. Inscenario 300, umbra 410 is determined by taking a union of interiortangents to projection circles PC11, PC12, PC13, and PC14 and umbravertices on projection circles PC11, PC12, PC13, and PC14, as discussedabove in the context of method 100 and FIG. 1. In scenario 300, penumbra420 is determined by taking a union of exterior tangents to projectioncircles PC11, PC12, PC13, and PC14 and arcs between penumbra vertices onprojection circles PC11, PC12, PC13, and PC14, as discussed above in thecontext of method 100 and FIG. 1.

FIG. 4B shows polygonal representation of an arc in used in formingpenumbra 420, in accordance with an example embodiment. At upper-right,FIG. 4B shows penumbra 420 a including arc 434 of projection circle PC12between intersection points 430 and 432, where intersection point 430 isa point of intersection between exterior tangent 436 and projectioncircle PC12, and where intersection point 432 is a point of intersectionbetween exterior tangent 438 and projection circle PC12.

An arc of a projection circle used in a penumbra can be interpolated.For example, in scenario 300, ray 442 is generated that starts atcentroid 440 of spot shadow outline polygon 330 and passes throughintersection point 444 on projection circle PC11 shown at upper left ofFIG. 4B. Also, ray 446 is generated that starts at centroid 440 of spotshadow outline polygon 330 and passes through intersection point 448 onprojection circle PC11. To interpolate the arc on projection circle PC11between intersection points 444 and 448, one or more rays can begenerated that starts at centroid 440 and that go between rays 442 and446. For example, FIG. 4B shows ray 450 goes about halfway between rays442 and 446 to reach the arc on projection circle PC11 making uppenumbra 420 at interpolated intersection point (IIP) 452, which isabout halfway between intersection points 444 and 448.

Then, a polygonal representation of an arc can replace use of an arc ina penumbra, and so allow for a polygonal representation of a penumbra.The polygonal representation of an arc of a projection circle that fallsbetween intersection points can involve generating line segments betweenintersection points and any interpolated intersection point(s) for thearc. For example, at lower left of FIG. 4B, an arc of projection circlePC13 has been replaced by line segments 466 and 468, where line segment466 lies between intersection point 460 of projection circle PC13 andinterpolated intersection point 464, and where line segment 468 liesbetween interpolated intersection point 464 and intersection point 462of projection circle PC13. Therefore, line segments 466 and 468 canrepresent the arc of projection circle PC13, as line segments 466 and468 as well as the arc of projection circle PC13 can connect an exteriortangent between projection circles PC11 and PC13 with the exteriortangent between projection circles PC13 and PC14.

Intersection points between rays and umbra 410 and penumbra 420 a can beused as respective additional umbra vertices and penumbra vertices. Forthe example of ray 450, interpolated intersection point 452 can be usedas an additional penumbra vertex, and the point where ray 450 intersectsumbra 410 (just right of the upper-left corner of umbra 410) can be usedas an additional umbra vertex.

If umbra 410 and/or penumbra 420 a are tessellated, a graphicsprocessor, such as a graphics processing unit (GPU), may be able toeasily render the triangles in the tessellation. GPU rendering ofshadows can help performance of the computing device, especially mobiledevices, since GPUs on mobile devices may have relatively-low pixelfilling rates compared to other devices.

FIG. 4C shows polygonal representations of a penumbra and an umbra of asimulated shadow, in accordance with an example embodiment. Inparticular, FIG. 4C shows penumbra tessellation 484 a and umbratessellation 490 a.

An empty space representing an occluding polygon can be reservedbefore/during shadow generation or the empty space can be cut out of theshadow generation. In scenario 300, a spot shadow of occluding polygon320 is generated from penumbra tessellation 484 a and umbra tessellation490 a. Then, occluding polygon space 478 of FIG. 4C can be an emptyspace for rendering occluding polygon 320 that is reserved duringgeneration of penumbra tessellation 484 a and/or umbra tessellation 490a or is cut out from the resulting shadow after tessellation. Occludingpolygon space 478 can be reserved to avoid overdraw of pixels by bothrendering of the shadow; e.g., penumbra tessellation 484 a and/or umbratessellation 490 a, and by rendering of occluding polygon 320. Inscenario 300, occluding polygon 320 can be rendered in occluding polygonspace 478, an umbra for a spot shadow of occluding polygon 320 can berendered using umbra tessellation 490 a, and a penumbra for the spotshadow can be rendered using penumbra tessellation 484 a.

Penumbra tessellation 484 a includes twenty penumbra vertices (PVs),including penumbra vertices 470 a, 470 b at the upper-left corner ofpenumbra tessellation 484 a and penumbra vertex 470 c at the lower-leftcorner of penumbra tessellation 484 a. The penumbra vertices forpenumbra tessellation 484 a are shown in FIG. 4C using small unfilledcircles outlined in black.

Umbra tessellation 490 a includes forty umbra vertices (UVs) includingumbra vertices 472 a, 472 b at upper-left of the boundary of umbratessellation 490 a and umbra vertex 472 c at lower-left of the boundaryof umbra tessellation 490 a. Umbra tessellation 490 a also includesumbra vertices 474 a, 474 b at upper-left of the boundary of occludingpolygon space 478 and umbra vertex 474 c at lower-left of the boundaryof occluding polygon space 478. FIG. 4D shows umbra vertices of theboundary of umbra tessellation 490 a using small black circles and theumbra vertices on the boundary of occluding polygon space 478 usingsmall grey circles outlined in black.

Penumbra and umbra vertices can be generated for respective penumbratessellation 484 a and umbra tessellation 490 a by emitting rays fromcentroid 440 outward and determining intersection points between therays and the respective penumbra and umbra boundaries. In scenario 300,occluding polygon space 478 is contained within the boundary of umbratessellation 490 a. Then, in scenario 300, additional umbra vertices canbe determined by determining intersection points between the rays andthe boundary of occluding polygon space 478. In other scenarios whereoccluding polygon space 478 is at least partially within the boundary ofpenumbra tessellation 484 a, intersection points between the rays andthe boundary of occluding polygon space 478 may be penumbra vertices.

To generate penumbra tessellation 484 a and umbra tessellation 490 a,twenty rays—five for each arc in penumbra 420 of FIG. 4A—are emittedfrom centroid 440 to both umbra and penumbra vertices, including theadditional interpolated intersection points for each projection circlearc in penumbra 420, so that rays are emitted for twenty total penumbravertices. Additional umbra vertices can be generated where the raysintersect the boundary of umbra tessellation 490 a. In scenario 300,additional umbra vertices are also generated where the rays intersectthe boundary of occluding polygon space 478.

Then, the penumbra and umbra vertices for each ray can be connected. Theportions of each emitted ray that connect vertices are shown in FIG. 4C.For example, ray 476 connects umbra vertices 472 c and 474 c, and alsoconnects umbra vertex 472 c with penumbra vertex 470 c. Theseconnections, the boundary of umbra tessellation 490 a, and the boundaryof occluding polygon space 478, divide umbra tessellation 490 a intotwenty quadrangles. FIG. 4C shows an example umbra polygon (UP) 482 a asa quadrangle whose sides are: (1) a portion of a ray connecting umbravertices 472 a and 474 a, (2) a portion of the boundary of occludingpolygon space 478 between umbra vertices 474 a and 474 b, (3) a portionof a ray connecting umbra vertices 474 b and 472 b, and (4) a portion ofthe boundary of umbra tessellation 490 a between umbra vertices 472 aand 472 b.

In scenario 300, the connections between vertices, the boundary of umbratessellation 490 a, and the boundary of penumbra tessellation 484 adivide penumbra tessellation 484 a into twenty quadrangles. FIG. 4Cshows an example penumbra polygon (PP) 480 a as a quadrangle whose sidesare: (1) a portion of a ray connecting penumbra vertex 470 b and umbravertex 472 b, (2) a portion of the boundary of umbra tessellation 490 abetween umbra vertices 472 a and 472 b, (3) a portion of a rayconnecting umbra vertex 472 a and penumbra vertex 470 a, and (4) aportion of the boundary of penumbra tessellation 484 a between penumbravertices 470 a and 470 b.

In other scenarios, some or all of quadrangles in umbra tessellation 490a and/or penumbra tessellation 484 a can be converted to triangles. Aconvex quadrangle, such as penumbra polygon 480 a or umbra polygon 482a, can be tessellated into two triangles by a line connecting a pair ofnon-adjacent vertices. In the example of penumbra polygon 480 a, thereare two pairs of non-adjacent vertices: (1) penumbra vertex 470 a andumbra vertex 472 b, and (2) penumbra vertex 470 b and umbra vertex 472a. By drawing a line between penumbra vertex 470 a and umbra vertex 472b, penumbra polygon 480 a can be divided into two triangles. One of thetwo triangles is bounded by: (1a) the portion of the boundary of umbratessellation 490 a between umbra vertices 472 a and 472 b, (1b) theportion of the ray connecting umbra vertex 472 a and penumbra vertex 470a, and (1c) the line between penumbra vertex 470 a and umbra vertex 472b. Another of the two triangles is bounded by: (2a) the portion of theray connecting penumbra vertex 470 b and umbra vertex 472 b, (2b) theportion of the boundary of penumbra tessellation 484 a between penumbravertices 470 a and 470 b, and (2c) the line between penumbra vertex 470a and umbra vertex 472 b.

In some embodiments, transparency values for umbra vertices and penumbravertices cam be selected to simulate blending of shadows with theenvironment. For example, umbra vertices can have transparency valuesrepresenting near or complete opaqueness (no transparency); i.e., a zeroor a relatively-low transparency value, while penumbra vertices can havetransparency values representing near or complete transparency; i.e., amaximum or a relatively-high transparency value.

Another tessellation technique can include taking each penumbra vertex,finding the closest umbra vertex, and connecting the two vertices with aconnecting line. Then, as both the penumbra area represented by penumbratessellation 484 a and the umbra area represented by umbra tessellation490 a are convex polygons, the set of connecting lines and the bordersof the umbra and penumbra areas lead to a tessellation of a spot shadowregion, made up of a union of the umbra and penumbra tessellations,using triangles and/or convex quadrangles.

FIG. 4D shows polygonal representations of a penumbra and an umbra of asimulated shadow, in accordance with an example embodiment. Inparticular, FIG. 4D shows penumbra tessellation 484 b and umbratessellation 490 b for scenario 300 a. Scenario 300 a is an alternativescenario to scenario 300 that is the same as scenario 300 until umbraand penumbra tessellation. Rather than using the tessellation techniqueof scenario 300 discussed above in the context of FIG. 3C, scenario 300a uses the tessellation technique discussed in the paragraph immediatelyabove.

In scenario 300 a, occluding polygon space 478 of FIG. 4D can be anempty space for rendering occluding polygon 320 that is reserved duringgeneration of penumbra tessellation 484 b and/or umbra tessellation 490b or is cut out from the resulting shadow after tessellation, such asdiscussed above in the context of scenario 300 and FIG. 3C. Occludingpolygon space 478 is the same shape and size in both scenarios 300 and300 a, as light source 310 and occluding polygon OP 320 are the same forboth scenarios. In scenario 300 a, occluding polygon 320 can be renderedin occluding polygon space 478, an umbra for a spot shadow of occludingpolygon 320 can be rendered using umbra tessellation 490 b, and apenumbra for the spot shadow can be rendered using penumbra tessellation484 b.

Penumbra tessellation 484 b includes twenty penumbra vertices, includingpenumbra vertices 470 a, 470 b, 470 d, 470 e, 470 f at the upper-leftcorner of penumbra tessellation 484 b and penumbra vertex 470 c at thelower-left corner of penumbra tessellation 484 b. The penumbra verticesfor penumbra tessellation 484 b are shown in FIG. 4D using smallunfilled circles outlined in black.

In scenario 300 a, eight umbra vertices are selected for umbratessellation 490 b: the four vertices of umbra 410, which are on theboundary of umbra tessellation 490 b, and the four vertices of occludingpolygon space 478. Umbra tessellation 490 b includes eight umbravertices including umbra vertex 472 a at the upper-left corner of theboundary of umbra tessellation 490 b and umbra vertex 472 d at thelower-left corner of the boundary of umbra tessellation 490 b. Umbratessellation 490 b also includes umbra vertices 472 a at the upper-leftcorner of the boundary of occluding polygon space 478 and umbra vertex474 d at the lower-left corner of the boundary of occluding polygonspace 478. FIG. 4D shows the four vertices of umbra 410 using smallblack circles and the umbra vertices on the boundary of occludingpolygon space 478 using small grey circles outlined in black.

Scenario 300 a continues by taking each penumbra vertex, finding theclosest umbra vertex, and connecting the two vertices with a connectingline. For example, for each of penumbra vertices 470 a, 470 b, 470 d,470 e, and 470 f, the closest umbra vertex is umbra vertex 472 a, and soconnecting lines are drawn between umbra vertex 472 a and each ofpenumbra vertices 470 a, 470 b, 470 d, 470 e, and 470 f, as shown atupper-left of FIG. 4D. As another example, the closest umbra vertex topenumbra vertex 470 c is umbra vertex 472 d, and so a connecting line isdrawn between penumbra vertex 470 c and umbra vertex 472 d, as shown atlower-left of FIG. 4D.

In scenario 300 a, each vertex of occluding polygon space 478 isconnected to a nearest umbra vertex on the boundary of umbratessellation 490 b. For example, a connecting line is drawn betweenumbra vertex 474 a, which is an upper-left vertex of occluding polygonspace 478, and umbra vertex 472 a, which is the closest umbra vertex onthe boundary of umbra tessellation 490 b as shown in FIG. 4D. FIG. 4Dalso shows a connecting line is drawn between umbra vertex 474 d, whichis a lower-left vertex of occluding polygon space 478, and umbra vertex472 d, which is the closest umbra vertex on the boundary of umbratessellation 490 b.

Then, as both the penumbra area represented by penumbra tessellation 484b and the umbra area represented by umbra tessellation 490 b are convexpolygons, the connecting lines and the borders of the umbra and penumbratessellations can tessellate a spot shadow region, made up of a union ofthe umbra and penumbra tessellations, using triangles and/or convexquadrangles. For example, penumbra tessellation 484 b includes twentypenumbra polygons which include sixteen triangles and four quadrangles.As examples, FIG. 4D shows penumbra polygon 480 b as an exampletriangular penumbra polygon at upper-left and penumbra polygon 480 b asan example quadrangular penumbra polygon at center-left. Umbratessellation 490 b includes four quadrangles, such as umbra polygon 482b at center-left of FIG. 4D.

In other scenarios, some or all of quadrangles in umbra tessellation 490a and/or penumbra tessellation 484 a can be converted to triangles. Aconvex quadrangle, such as penumbra polygon 480 a or umbra polygon 482a, can be tessellated into two triangles by a line connecting a pair ofnon-adjacent vertices, such as discussed above in the context of FIG. 4Cand scenario 300.

In some embodiments, transparency values for umbra vertices and penumbravertices can be selected can be used to simulate blending of shadowswith the environment such as discussed above in the context of FIG. 4Cand scenario 300.

A similar approach to method 100 can be used to simulate shadows cast byambient light. FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating method 500 forgenerating a display including a shadow, in accordance with an exampleembodiment. Method 500 and the functionality of scenario 600 can becarried out by hardware of a computing device and/or computer-readableinstructions executed by one or more processors of the computing device,such as computing device 1200 discussed below in the context of FIG.12A. Method 500 can begin at block 510, where the computing device candetermine a simulated ambient light source ALS, a simulated occludingpolygon OP, and a simulated receiver surface RS, where receiver surfaceRS is a two-dimensional (2D) surface, and where occluding polygon OP isbetween ambient light source ALS and receiver surface RS. In somescenarios, ambient light source ALS can be represented as a very largeor infinitely-sized planar or dome-shaped light source which can emitlight in all directions equally.

At block 520, the computing device can determine a projection matrix PMassociated with display of occluding polygon OP. Projection matrix PMcan be used to transform 2D and/or three-dimensional (3D) shapesspecified in a viewing space or volume to a 2D space, such as receiversurface RS or a screen space that can be displayed, or easilytransformed to display, objects in the viewing space or volume. Anexample screen space is a 2D grid of pixels. In particular, the 2D gridof pixels can be a displayable object, such as, but not limited to, animage file, part or all of a video frame, part or all of an animation,graphical or other displayable object of a screen or display controlledby the computing device, and/or part or all of a GUI controlled by thecomputing device. Other displayable objects are possible as well. Insome embodiments, a projection of the viewing space onto a 2D space canbe rendered for display; i.e., converted or otherwise transformed into adisplayable object.

For example, the circular light source, occluding polygon OP, andreceiver surface RS can be specified in viewing space or volumecoordinates, transformed for viewing in screen space using projectionmatrix PM, and the screen space can be specified as, or be easilyconverted to, a 2D grid of pixels that are equivalent to a display ofthe computing device. As another example, projection matrix PM can beconfigured to determine projections of objects in the viewing space ontoa 2D plane in the viewing space, such as receiver surface RS, and then adisplay can be generated from the 2D plane; e.g., receiver surface RScan be mapped to screen space. Projection matrix PM can be used todetermine one or more transformations, such as one or more perspectivetransformations, affine transformations, and/or orthographictransformations, of coordinates specified in the viewing space or volumeto coordinates specified in the screen space. Other projection matricesPM are possible as well.

At block 530, the computing device can determine ambient outline polygonAOP by projecting occluding polygon OP onto receiver surface RS usingprojection matrix PM. In some embodiments, receiver surface RS can actas an equivalent surface to and/or be the screen space for projectionmatrix PM.

At block 540, the computing device can, for each vertex AOPV of ambientoutline polygon AOP, determine an expansion circle EC. The expansioncircle EC can be centered at AOPV and have a radius R(PC) that dependson H(OV(AOPV)), where H(OV(AOPC)) is the height of a vertex OV ofoccluding polygon OP above receiver surface RS, and where vertex OV isassociated with ambient outline vertex AOPV. For example, if aparticular vertex OVpp of occluding polygon OP is projected ontoreceiver surface RS at a point Ppp on receiver surface RS, then thepoint Ppp should correspond to a vertex AOPVpp of ambient outlinepolygon AOP, and so vertex OVpp of occluding polygon OP can beassociated with vertex AOPVpp of ambient outline polygon AOP.

At block 550, the computing device can, for each expansion circle EC,determine one or more exterior tangents AET. That is, for each expansioncircle EC, the computing device can determine normals to the edges ofthe ambient outline polygon AOP associated with the vertex of theambient outline polygon at the center of the expansion circle. For eachnormal, draw a ray in a direction of the normal away from ambientoutline polygon AOP, and take an exterior tangent to the expansioncircle at an “ambient vertex” where the ray intersects the expansioncircle.

For example, FIG. 6A shows scenario 600 where an example ambient outlinepolygon AOP 610 has been generated by projecting a rectangular occludingpolygon (not shown in FIG. 6A) onto a receiver surface using aprojection matrix. Ambient outline polygon AOP 610 has four vertices 612a, 614 a, 616 a, and 618 a. In scenario 600, each of vertices 612 a, 614a, 616 a, and 618 a centers a corresponding respective expansion circle612 b, 614 b, 616 c, and 618 a. In scenario 600, the occluding polygonis parallel to the receiver surface, and so all vertices of theoccluding polygon have equal heights above the receiver surface. Also inscenario 600, the radius R(EC) of each expansion circle EC isproportional to the height of the corresponding occluding polygon vertexabove the receiver surface; e.g., R(EC)=p2*H(OV(APOV)), where p2>0 is aconstant of proportionality used throughout scenario 600, andH(OV(AOPV)) is the height H of the occluding polygon vertex OVcorresponding to a particular ambient outline polygon vertex AOPV, andso each expansion circle EC in scenario 600 has the same radius.

FIG. 6A shows ambient outline polygon AOP 610 having vertex 612 a at thecenter of expansion circle 612 b. Vertex 612 a is an endpoint of edges620 and 622 of ambient outline polygon AOP 610, with edge 620 havingnormal 620 a and edge 622 having normal 622 a. In scenario 600, a raydrawn in the direction of normal 620 a from vertex 612 a (at the centerof expansion circle 612 b) away from ambient outline polygon AOP 610reaches expansion circle 612 b at ambient vertex (AV) 634. In scenario600, a ray drawn in the direction of normal 622 a from vertex 612 a awayfrom ambient outline polygon AOP 610 reaches expansion circle 612 b atambient vertex 636.

FIG. 6A shows ambient exterior tangent (AET) 630 drawn between ambientvertex 634 and ambient vertex 640, with ambient vertex 640 located wherea ray in the direction of normal 620 a intersects with expansion circle616 b outside of ambient outline polygon AOP 610, and shows ambientexterior tangent 632 drawn between ambient vertex 636 and ambient vertex642, which is located where a ray in the direction of normal intersectswith expansion circle 614 b outside of ambient outline polygon AOP 610.Exterior tangents 630 and 632 can be connected using arc 638 ofexpansion circle 612 b between ambient vertices 634 and 636.

At block 560 of method 500, the computing device can form ambient shadowpolygon ASP by taking a union of ambient exterior tangents AETs from allexpansion circles ECs of ambient outline polygon AOP and polygonalrepresentations of all arcs between ambient exterior tangents. In someembodiments, an ambient shadow space can replace ambient shadow polygonASP, where the ambient shadow space is not a polygon; e.g., the arcsbetween ambient exterior tangents can be retained in forming the ambientshadow space, rather than being replaced by polygonal representations.FIG. 6B shows example ambient shadow polygon 644 for scenario 600, witheach arc along an expansion circle replaced with four line segmentsusing three interpolated intersection points between ambient vertices,such as discussed above in the context of a penumbra PEN of block 170 ofmethod 100.

Tessellation can be used to determine a detailed ambient shadow polygon.FIG. 6C shows example ambient shadow polygon tessellation 650 forscenario 600, with ambient shadow polygon tessellation 650 made up oftriangles representing a region between ambient outline polygon 610 andthe edge of the ambient shadow polygon 644.

Tessellation 650 shows ambient exterior tangents 630 and 632 connectedby edges of arc tessellation triangles 652 a, 652 b, 652 c, and 652 d.As mentioned above, each arc of an expansion circle has been replaced inambient shadow polygon 644 with four line segments using threeinterpolated intersection points. For example, the vertices oftessellation triangle 652 a include vertex 612 a, ambient vertex 634,and a first interpolated intersection point that lies on arc 638 betweenambient vertices 634 and 636. The vertices of tessellation triangle 652b include vertex 612 a, the first interpolated intersection point, and asecond interpolated intersection point on arc 638 between the firstinterpolated intersection point and ambient vertex 636. The vertices oftessellation triangle 652 c include vertex 612 a, the secondinterpolated intersection point, and a third interpolated intersectionpoint on arc 638 between the second interpolated intersection point andambient vertex 636. The vertices of tessellation triangle 652 d includevertex 612 a, the third interpolated intersection point, and ambientvertex 636. In scenario 600, ambient shadow polygon 644 and ambientshadow polygon tessellation used similar techniques to replace arcs ofexpansion circles 614 b, 616 b, and 618 b with line segments as was usedto replace arc 638 of expansion circle 612 b.

In particular embodiments, transparency values of vertices oftessellation 650 inside or on the edge of the ambient outline polygoncan be set to an opaque (or not transparent) value, a value representingrelatively-low transparency, a value based on a height of acorresponding vertex, or some other value(s). In still otherembodiments, transparency values of vertices of the tessellation on theedge of ambient shadow polygon 644 can be set to a transparent value, avalue representing relatively-low transparency, or some other value. Inother cases, other renderable representations for the shadow regionrather than a tessellation can be generated.

At block 570 of method 500, the computing device can generate arendering of at least a portion of the occluding polygon and/or ambientshadow polygon ASP, and the display the generated rendering.

FIGS. 7A-7E show scenario 700. The functionality of scenario 700 can becarried out by hardware of a computing device and/or computer-readableinstructions executed by one or more processors of the computing device,such as computing device 1200 discussed below in the context of FIG.12A.

As seen in FIG. 7A, scenario 700 involves circular light source 710 andambient light source 714 emitting light onto occluding polygon 720 andcorresponding spot shadow outline polygon 730 on receiver surface 724,in accordance with an example embodiment. Ambient light source 714 asshown in FIG. 7A is a representation of a large dome-shaped light sourceemitting light in all directions equally.

Occluding polygon 720 has four vertices: V21, V22, V23, and V24. Spotshadow outline polygon 730 is determined in scenario 700 by simulatedemission of rays of light from light source center 712 of light source710 that pass through each of vertices V21, V22, V23, and V24 ofoccluding polygon OP 720 and reach receiver surface 724 and to reachreceiver surface 224 at respective intersection points IP21, IP22, IP23,and IP24. Spot shadow outline polygon 730 can then be formed byconnecting intersection points IP21, IP22, IP23, and IP24 with linesegments in the plane of receiver surface 224.

FIG. 7B shows heights of vertices V21, V22, V23, and V24 above receiversurface 724, in accordance with an example embodiment. In scenario 700,each vertex V21, V22, V23, and V24 of occluding polygon OP 720 has adifferent height measured with respect to receiver surface 724. FIG. 7Bshows that the height 730 of vertex V21, H(V21), is approximately 5.1units, height 732 of vertex V22, H(V22), is approximately 4.7 units,height 734 of vertex V23, H(V23), is approximately 4.2 units, and height736 of vertex V24, H(V24), is approximately 4.8 units.

FIG. 7C shows the spot shadow outline polygon 730 with projectioncircles 740, 742, 744, and 746, in accordance with an exampleembodiment. In scenario 700, the radius R of each projection circle PCis proportional to H(OV(SSOPV)); that is R=p3*H(OV(SSOPV)), where p3>0is a constant of proportionality used throughout scenario 700, and whereH(OV(SSOPV)) is a height above receiver surface 724 of an occludingvertex OV associated with a spot shadow outline polygon vertex SSOPV.

For example, spot shadow outline polygon 730 has vertices IP21, IP22,IP23, and IP24, with vertices IP21, IP22, IP23, and IP24 of spot shadowoutline polygon 730 associated with respective vertex V21, V22, V23, andV24 of occluding polygon 720. In scenario 700, vertex V23 has thesmallest height value of 4.2 for the occlusion vertices, so if theradius of projection circle 744 for associated vertex IP23 is normalizedto a value of 1 radius unit, then the corresponding radii of projectioncircles 740, 742, and 746 are respectively 1.21 radius units, 1.12radius units, and 1.14 radius units long.

FIG. 7D shows the spot shadow outline polygon 730 with umbra 786 andpenumbra 776, in accordance with an example embodiment. Spot shadowoutline polygon 730 is shown with four edges: edge 750 between verticesIP21 and IP22, edge 752 between vertices IP22 and IP23, edge 754 betweenvertices IP23 and IP24 and edge 756 between vertices IP24 and IP21.

In scenario 700, penumbra 776 and umbra 786 are generated using thetechniques of method 100 discussed above in the context of FIG. 1. Inparticular, penumbra 776 is shown in FIG. 7D made up of a convex hull ofpenumbra vertices 758, 760, 762, 764, 766, 768, 770, and 772, withpenumbra vertices 758 and 772 on projection circle 740 with radius of1.21 radius units and associated with IP21, penumbra vertices 760 and762 on projection circle 742 with radius of 1.12 radius units andassociated with IP22, penumbra vertices 764 and 766 on projection circle744 with radius of 1.00 radius units and associated with IP23, andpenumbra vertices 768 and 770 on projection circle 746 with radius of1.14 radius units and associated with IP24.

FIG. 7D also shows that penumbra 776, made up of the convex hull ofprojection vertices 758, 760, 762, 764, 766, 768, 770, and 772, includefour exterior tangents: exterior tangent 758 a connecting penumbravertices 758 and 760, exterior tangent 762 a connecting penumbravertices 762 and 764, exterior tangent 766 a connecting penumbravertices 766 and 768, and exterior tangent 770 a connecting penumbravertices 770 and 774. As part of the convex hull of penumbra verticesmaking up penumbra 776, penumbra 776 also includes four additional linesegments: a line segment between penumbra vertices 758 and 772connecting exterior tangents 758 a and 770 a and being a polygonalrepresentation of an arc of projection circle 740, a line segmentbetween penumbra vertices 760 and 762 connecting exterior tangents 758 aand 762 a and being a polygonal representation of an arc of projectioncircle 742, a line segment between penumbra vertices 764 and 766connecting exterior tangents 762 a and 766 a and being a polygonalrepresentation of an arc of projection circle 744, and a line segmentbetween penumbra vertices 768 and 770 connecting exterior tangents 766 aand 770 a and being a polygonal representation of an arc of projectioncircle 746.

FIG. 7D shows umbra 786 includes four interior tangents 778 a, 780 a,782 a, and 784 a, where interior tangent 778 a connects umbra vertex 778on projection circle 740 and umbra vertex 780 on projection circle 742,interior tangent 780 a connects umbra vertex 780 and umbra vertex 782 onprojection circle 744, interior tangent 782 a connects umbra vertex 782and umbra vertex 784 on projection circle 746, and interior tangent 784a connects umbra vertices 784 and umbra vertex 778.

FIG. 7E shows ambient outline polygon 788 and ambient shadow polygon798, in accordance with an example embodiment. In scenario 700, ambientoutline polygon 788 and ambient shadow polygon are generated using thetechniques of method 500 discussed above in the context of FIG. 5.Ambient outline polygon 788 has four vertices 790 a, 790 b, 790 c, and790 d. In scenario 700, vertex 790 a is a projection of vertex V21 ofoccluding polygon 720 onto receiver surface 724, vertex 790 b is aprojection of vertex V22 of occluding polygon 720 onto receiver surface724, vertex 790 c is a projection of vertex V23 of occluding polygon 720onto receiver surface 724, and vertex 790 d is a projection of vertexV24 of occluding polygon 720 onto receiver surface 724.

Each of vertices 790 a, 790 b, 790 c, and 790 d is a center of anexpansion circle—FIG. 7E shows that vertex 790 a is the center ofexpansion circle 792 a, vertex 790 b is the center of expansion circle792 b, vertex 790 c is the center of expansion circle 792 c, and vertex790 d is the center of expansion circle 792 d. In scenario 700, theradius R of each expansion circle EC is proportional to H(OV(AOPV));that is R=p4*H(OV(AOPV)), where p4>0 is a constant of proportionalityused throughout scenario 700, and where H(OV(AOPV)) is a height abovereceiver surface 724 of occluding vertex OV associated with an ambientoutline polygon vertex AOPV. As mentioned above, each vertex ofoccluding polygon 720 has a different height, with vertex V23 ofoccluding polygon 720 having a smallest height value of 4.2 units amongthe vertices of occluding polygon 720, and with vertex V23 associatedwith vertex 790 c of ambient outline polygon 788. So if the radius ofexpansion circle 792 c for associated vertex 790 c is normalized to avalue of 1 radius unit, then the corresponding radii of expansioncircles 790 a, 790 b, and 790 d are respectively 1.21 radius units, 1.12radius units, and 1.14 radius units.

In scenario 700, ambient shadow polygon 798 includes four ambientexterior tangents: ambient exterior tangent 796 a connecting ambientvertices 794 a and 794 b, ambient exterior tangent 796 b connectingambient vertices 794 c and 794 d, ambient exterior tangent 796 cconnecting ambient vertices 794 e and 794 f, and ambient exteriortangent 796 d connecting ambient vertices 794 g and 794 h.

Ambient shadow polygon 798 is formed in scenario 700 by taking a convexhull of ambient vertices 794 a-794 h and eight additional interpolationpoints: two interpolation points taken to form a polygonalrepresentation having three line segments representing of an arc ofexpansion circle 792 a between ambient vertices 794 a and 794 h, twointerpolation points taken to form a polygonal representation havingthree line segments representing an arc of expansion circle 792 bbetween ambient vertices 794 b and 794 c, two interpolation points takento form a polygonal representation having three line segmentsrepresenting an arc of expansion circle 792 c between ambient vertices794 d and 794 e, and two interpolation points taken to form a polygonalrepresentation having three line segments representing an arc ofexpansion circle 792 d between ambient vertices 794 f and 794 g.

FIGS. 8A-8F show scenario 800 for rendering occluding polygon 810 aspart of a GUI, such as GUI 830, in accordance with an exampleembodiment. GUI 830 can include hardware of a computing device and/orcomputer-readable instructions executed by one or more processors of thecomputing device, such as computing device 1200 discussed below in thecontext of FIG. 12A, that is configured to perform at least thefunctionality associated with scenario 800. In some embodiments, thecomputer-readable instructions can include instructions for a softwareapplication that generates GUI 830.

FIG. 8A shows example occluding polygon 810 as a white polygonrepresenting a rounded rectangle having the word “Card” written in blackat upper left, and shown in the figure on a grey checked background.Occluding polygon 810 can be an object used in and/or rendered by a GUI,such as a card, window, icon, dialog or other visible object suitablefor use and/or display by the GUI. In other scenarios, one or more otheroccluding polygons can be used instead of occluding polygon 810.

FIG. 8B shows ambient shadow polygon tessellation 820 for occludingpolygon 810, in accordance with an example embodiment. In scenario 800,ambient shadow polygon tessellation 820 is an ambient shadow polygongenerated using the techniques of method 500 discussed above in thecontext of FIG. 5.

FIG. 8C shows a GUI 830 generating display 832 of ambient shadow 822 aspart of scenario 800, in accordance with an example embodiment. Display832 is generated by rendering ambient shadow tessellation 820 withoccluding polygon space 812 to obtain ambient shadow 822. Oncegenerated, GUI 830 can be configured to show display 832.

FIG. 8D shows spot shadow tessellation 840 of occluding polygon 810, inaccordance with an example embodiment. In scenario 800, spot shadowtessellation 840 is a tessellation of a spot shadow generated using thetechniques of method 100 discussed above in the context of FIG. 1.

FIG. 8E shows a GUI 830 generating display 844 of ambient shadow 822 andspot shadow 842 as part of scenario 800, in accordance with an exampleembodiment. Display 844 is generated by rendering ambient shadowtessellation 820 with occluding polygon space 812 to obtain ambientshadow 822 and rendering spot shadow tessellation 840 with occludingpolygon space 812 to obtain spot shadow 842. Once generated, GUI 830 canbe configured to show display 844.

FIG. 8F shows display 852 of GUI 830, in accordance with an exampleembodiment. Scenario 800 continues by GUI 830 generating display 852from display 844 by rendering occluding polygon 810 in occluding polygonspace 812. In scenario 800, occluding polygon rendering 850 of occludingpolygon 810 is larger in display 852 than occluding polygon 812, therebyleading to some overdraw of ambient shadow 822 and spot shadow 842 byoccluding polygon rendering 850. However, by leaving occluding polygonspace 812, overdraw by GUI 830 in generating display 852 is minimized.Once display 852 is generated, GUI 830 can be configured to show display852 to replace display 844.

FIG. 9 depicts GUI 900 related to shadows, in accordance with an exampleembodiment. GUI 900 can be provided using hardware of a computing deviceand/or computer-readable instructions executed by one or more processorsof the computing device, such as computing device 1200 discussed belowin the context of FIG. 12A. In some embodiments, the computer-readableinstructions can include instructions for a software application thatgenerates GUI 900.

GUI 900 includes control buttons 910, 912, 914, 916, 918, 920, 922, 924,926, 928, and 930, display region 940, and parameter controls 950, 952,954, 956, 958, 960, 962, 964, 966, 968, 970, and 972. Each of controlbuttons 910-930, when selected, indicates a type of shadow simulation tobe displayed in display region 940. For example, card stack controlbutton 918 is shown in FIG. 9 with a black color, while the othercontrol buttons 910-916 and 920-930 are each shown with a white color,to indicate that card stack control button 918 has been selected. Ascard stack control button 918 has been selected, a group, or stack, ofthree cards 942, 944, and 946 are displayed in display region 940. Eachcard is display region 940 displayed with a corresponding shadow. FIG. 9shows card 942 with shadow 942 a cast upon background 948 of displayregion 940, card 944 with shadow 944 a cast upon card 942 to indicatecard 944 is atop card 942, and card 946 with shadow 946 a cast upon card944 to indicate card 946 is atop card 944. In some examples, objectsdisplayed in display region 940, such as cards 942, 944, 946 can bemodified; e.g., an object can be resized, recolored, deleted, inserted,etc. via controls (not shown in FIG. 9) available by selecting an objector background 948 and using a “right-click” menu or similar control.

Selections of control buttons can enable parameter controls, such as viaselection of control button 910 to enable card height selection, selecta card configuration, such as selections of control button 912 for acard row, control button 914 for a dragging card simulation, controlbutton 916 for a nested card arrangement, control button 918 for a stackof cards, and control button 920 for a list of cards. Selection ofcontrol button 922 allows placement of a light source and selections ofcontrol buttons 924, 926, and 928 allow for various card animations,such as splitting and merging a group of cards by selection of controlbutton 924, rotating and merging a group of cards by selection ofcontrol button 926, and revealing cards within a group of cards byselection of control button 928. Exit control button 930 can be used toclose GUI 900 and perhaps terminate an application providing GUI 900.

Other control buttons can be provided, such as but not limited to,control buttons to enable selection and positioning of multiple lightsources, controlling colors of light emitted by light sources, changingorientation of display region in 3-D space, specifying occludingpolygons other than cards, changing triangulation techniques associatedwith shadows, and changing convex representations for the outer edge ofthe umbra/penumbra (e.g., a convex hull representation or a smoothedconvex hull representation).

Parameter control 950 can control strength, or darkness, of shadowscaused by occlusion of ambient light, such as discussed above regardingat least method 500 and FIGS. 5-6C. In the example of GUI 900, ambientshadow strength parameter control 950 can range from 0 for no ambientshadows to 255 for strongest ambient shadows. FIG. 9 shows ambientshadow strength parameter control 950 set to 28 for relatively lightambient shadows.

Parameter control 952 can control a ratio between strength of shadowscast by occlusion of ambient light and strength of shadows cast byocclusion of light from light sources, such as circular light sources.FIG. 9 shows ambient scaling ratio parameter control 952 set to 1.00 toindicate equal strength for shadows cast based on ambient light toshadows cast based on light from light sources. For GUI 900, ambientscaling ratio parameter control 952 can range from 0.2 to 4.2.

Parameter control 954 can control strength of shadows caused byocclusion of light emitted by light sources, such as discussed aboveregarding at least method 100 and FIGS. 1-4C. In the example of GUI 900,spot shadow strength parameter control 954 can range from 0 for no lightsource shadows to 255 for strongest light source shadows. FIG. 9 showsspot shadow strength parameter control 954 set to 28 for relativelylight source shadows.

Parameter control 956 can control a color of background 948 of displayregion 940. In the example of GUI 900, background brightness parametercontrol 956 can specify a grey scale value that ranges from 0 for ablack background to 255 for a white background. FIG. 9 shows backgroundbrightness parameter control 956 set to 127 for a grey background. Inother embodiments, additional parameter controls can be used to specifycolor value (e.g., an RGB triple) for coloring background 948.

Parameter controls 958 and 960 can control position of a center of acircular light source in respective X and Y dimensions. In the exampleof GUI 900, a light source is initially considered to be centered overdisplay region 950. By changing light shift X parameter control 958, thecenter of a circular light source can be moved in the X dimension(horizontally) and by changing light shift Y parameter control 960, thecenter of a circular light source can be moved in the Y dimension(vertically). FIG. 9 shows both light shift X parameter control 958 andlight shift Y parameter control 960 set to +0.00 to indicate no X or Ydimension movement of the light source.

Parameter control 962 can control a position of a center of a circularlight source in a Z (depth) dimension. By increasing (decreasing) lightposition Z parameter control 962, the light source moves away from(closer to) display region 940 in the Z dimension. Generally, moving alight source closer to a display region makes resulting shadows smallerand more distinct/less diffuse, while moving a light source away fromthe display region makes resulting shadows larger and less distinct/morediffuse. FIG. 9 shows ambient light position Z parameter control 962 setto 1.00 indicating the light source is as close to display region 940 asGUI 900 will allow.

Parameter control 964 can control a size of a radius of a circular lightsource. Generally, larger light sources provide less distinct/morediffuse shadows than smaller light sources. FIG. 9 shows light radiusparameter control 964 set to 200 for a moderate sized light source. Inother embodiments, GUI 900 can provide more controls over geometry oflight sources, such as, but not limited to, providing selections forlight source shape (e.g., triangular, rectangular, pentagonal, hexagonal. . . ), light source vertices, and light source orientation/tilt withrespect to background 948.

Parameter control 966 can control a size of a card, or other occludingobject/occluding polygon, in a Y dimension (length). In the example ofGUI 900, card length Y parameter control 966 can range from 20 forrelatively short cards to 100 for relatively long cards. FIG. 9 showscard length Y parameter control 966 set to 48 for moderate sized cards.In other embodiments, an X dimension (width) control can be provided tocontrol the width of a card.

Parameter control 968 can control a height (Z dimension amount) of acard over background 948. In the example of GUI 900, card height Zparameter control 968 can range from 0 for a card being placed directlyon background 948 to 100 for a card being relatively high abovebackground 948. Generally, as a card is lifted above a background,shadows of the card become larger and less distinct/more diffuse. FIG. 9shows card height Z parameter control 968 set to 48 to indicate that acard is moderately high above background 948. In other embodiments, GUI900 can provide more controls over geometry of cards, such as, but notlimited to, providing selections for card shape (e.g., triangular,rectangular, pentagonal, hexagonal . . . ), vertices for an examplecard, and card orientation/tilt with respect to background 948.

Parameter control 970 can control opacity of a card. In the example ofGUI 900, card opacity parameter control 970 can range from 0 atransparent card having no opacity to 255 for a fully opaque card havingno transparency. FIG. 9 shows card opacity parameter control 970 set to255 to indicate cards are fully opaque.

Parameter control 972 can control a color of a card in display region940. In the example of GUI 900, card brightness parameter control 972can specify a grey scale value that ranges from 0 for a black card to255 for a white card. FIG. 9 shows card brightness parameter control 972set to 240 for relatively light-colored cards. In some embodiments,additional parameter controls can be used to specify color value (e.g.,an RGB triple) for coloring a card, and to specify different colors fordifferent cards.

Additional parameters can be controlled as well, such as a parametercontrolling whether a card (or cards) are fixed while a mobiledevice/receiver surface changes orientation or move with the receiversurface, a parameter controlling whether a light source (or lightsources) are fixed while a mobile device/receiver surface changesorientation or move with the receiver surface. Many other parameters andcorresponding controls are possible as well.

FIG. 10 depicts two GUIs 1010 a, 1010 b each displaying a pattern ofoverlapping rectangles, in accordance with an example embodiment. Eachof GUIs 1010 a, 1010 b can be provided using hardware of a computingdevice and/or computer-readable instructions executed by one or moreprocessors of the computing device, such as computing device 1200discussed below in the context of FIG. 12A. In some embodiments, thecomputer-readable instructions can include instructions for a softwareapplication that generates GUI 1010 a and/or GUI 1010 b.

GUI 1010 a displays five rectangles 1012 a, 1014 a, 1016 a, 1018 a, 1020a on background 1030 a. GUI 1010 b also displays five rectangles 1012 b,1014 b, 1016 b, 1018 b, 1020 b on background 1030 a, where a pattern ofrectangles 1012 a-1020 a displayed by GUI 1010 a is the same as apattern of rectangles 1012 b-1020 b displayed by GUI 1010 a. Eachrectangle 1012 a, 1014 a, 1016 a, 1018 a, 1020 a displayed by GUI 1010 ahas a corresponding respective rectangle 1012 b, 1014 b, 1016 b, 1018 b,1020 b displayed by GUI 1010 b. As shown in FIG. 10, correspondingrectangles are displayed with the same size, color, and relativeposition by both GUIs 1010 a and 1010 b. For example, GUI 1010 adisplays rectangle 1012 a as a white rectangle directly atop rectangles1014 a, 1016 a, 1020 a, and indirectly atop rectangle 1018 a. Similarly,GUI 1010 b displays rectangle 1012 b as a white rectangle having thesame size as rectangle 1012 a and same position directly atop rectangles1014 b, 1016 b, 1020 b, and indirectly atop rectangle 1018 b.

However, GUI 1010 b also displays shadow 1022 b for rectangle 1012 b toprovide an additional depth cue to a viewer of GUI 1010 b that rectangle1012 b is atop the other rectangles. FIG. 10 shows that shadow 1022 buses background 1030 b and rectangles 1014 b, 1016 b, and 1020 b asreceiver surfaces. Further, GUI 1010 b also displays shadows 1024 b,1026 b, 1028 b, and 1030 b for respective rectangle 1014 b, 1016 b, 1018b, and 1020 b to provide additional depth cues to a viewer of GUI 1010 bof the relative positions of rectangles displayed by GUI 1010 b.

In some embodiments, one or more of rectangles 1012 b, 1014 b, 1016 b,1018 b, 1020 b can be a display generated by an operating system and/oran application running on a computing device providing GUI 1010 b. Then,as a display rectangle is selected by a user of GUI 1010 b, GUI 1010 bcan make the selected rectangle appear to be on top of the otherrectangles and can draw a shadow for the selected rectangle atop thesome or all of the other rectangles. For example, if rectangle 1016 bwere selected for display by the user, GUI 1010 b can make rectangle1016 b appear to be atop rectangles 1012 b, 1014 b, 1018 b, 1020 b, anddraw corresponding shadow 1026 b atop rectangles 1012 b, 1014 b, 1018 b,1020 b as well.

In another example, a pattern including other convex polygons, such astriangles, hexagons, pentagons, squares, and so on can be drawn by GUI1010 b with shadowed polygons similar to rectangle 1012 b shadowed byshadow 1022 b. In other examples, other applications than GUI 1010 b canuse the herein-described techniques to draw shadows of convex polygonsfrom light emitted by polygonal light sources; e.g., a music applicationcan draw a collection of polygonal images, such as images related toalbum or CD covers, to represent a collection of songs. The applicationcan draw a top-most image of the collection of images to represent beinga song currently being played. Then, the application can use theherein-described techniques to add shadows to the collection of imagesto add depth cues and aid a user of the application determine whichimage corresponds to the song currently being played. Many otherexamples of shadowed polygons drawn by a GUI, such as GUI 1010 b, and/orapplications are possible as well.

Example Data Network

FIG. 11 depicts a distributed computing architecture 1100 with serverdevices 1108, 1110 configured to communicate, via network 1106, withprogrammable devices 1104 a, 1104 b, 1104 c, 1104 d, and 1104 e, inaccordance with an example embodiment. Network 1106 may correspond to aLAN, a wide area network (WAN), a corporate intranet, the publicInternet, or any other type of network configured to provide acommunications path between networked computing devices. The network1106 may also correspond to a combination of one or more LANs, WANs,corporate intranets, and/or the public Internet.

Although FIG. 11 only shows three programmable devices, distributedapplication architectures may serve tens, hundreds, or thousands ofprogrammable devices. Moreover, programmable devices 1104 a, 1104 b,1104 c, 1104 d, and 1104 e (or any additional programmable devices) maybe any sort of computing device, such as an ordinary laptop computer,desktop computer, wearable computing device, mobile computing device,head-mountable device (HMD), network terminal, wireless communicationdevice (e.g., a smart phone or cell phone), and so on. In someembodiments, such as indicated with programmable devices 1104 a, 1104 b,and 1104 c, programmable devices can be directly connected to network1106. In other embodiments, such as indicated with programmable devices1104 d and 1104 e, programmable devices can be indirectly connected tonetwork 1106 via an associated computing device, such as programmabledevice 1104 c. In this example, programmable device 1104 c can act asassociated computing device to pass electronic communications betweenprogrammable devices 1104 d and 1104 e and network 1106. In still otherembodiments not shown in FIG. 11, a programmable device can be bothdirectly and indirectly connected to network 1106.

Server devices 1108, 1110 can be configured to perform one or moreservices, as requested by programmable devices 1104 a-1104 e. Forexample, server device 1108 and/or 1110 can provide content toprogrammable devices 1104 a-1104 e. The content can include, but is notlimited to, web pages, hypertext, scripts, binary data such as compiledsoftware, images, audio, and/or video. The content can includecompressed and/or uncompressed content. The content can be encryptedand/or unencrypted. Other types of content are possible as well.

As another example, server device 1108 and/or 1110 can provideprogrammable devices 1104 a-1104 e with access to software for database,search, computation, graphical, audio, video, World Wide Web/Internetutilization, and/or other functions. Many other examples of serverdevices are possible as well.

Computing Device Architecture

FIG. 12A is a block diagram of a computing device 1200 (e.g., system) inaccordance with an example embodiment. In particular, computing device1200 shown in FIG. 12A can be configured to perform one or morefunctions of GUIs 830, 900, 1010 a, and 1010 b, network 1106, serverdevices 1108, 1110, programmable devices 1104 a, 1104 b, 1104 c, 1104 d,and 1104 e, method 100, method 500, and method 1300, and/orfunctionality related to one or more of scenarios 200, 300, 600, 700,and 800. Computing device 1200 may include a user interface module 1201,a network-communication interface module 1202, one or more processors1203, and data storage 1204, all of which may be linked together via asystem bus, network, or other connection mechanism 1205.

User interface module 1201 can be operable to send data to and/orreceive data from exterior user input/output devices. For example, userinterface module 1201 can be configured to send and/or receive data toand/or from user input devices such as a keyboard, a keypad, a touchscreen, a computer mouse, a track ball, a joystick, a camera, a voicerecognition module, and/or other similar devices. User interface module1201 can also be configured to provide output to user display devices,such as one or more cathode ray tubes (CRT), liquid crystal displays(LCD), light emitting diodes (LEDs), displays using digital lightprocessing (DLP) technology, printers, light bulbs, and/or other similardevices, either now known or later developed. User interface module 1201can also be configured to generate audible output(s), such as a speaker,speaker jack, audio output port, audio output device, earphones, and/orother similar devices.

Network-communications interface module 1202 can include one or morewireless interfaces 1207 and/or one or more wireline interfaces 1208that are configurable to communicate via a network, such as network 1106shown in FIG. 11. Wireless interfaces 1207 can include one or morewireless transmitters, receivers, and/or transceivers, such as aBluetooth transceiver, a Zigbee transceiver, a Wi-Fi transceiver, aWiMAX transceiver, and/or other similar type of wireless transceiverconfigurable to communicate via a wireless network. Wireline interfaces1208 can include one or more wireline transmitters, receivers, and/ortransceivers, such as an Ethernet transceiver, a Universal Serial Bus(USB) transceiver, or similar transceiver configurable to communicatevia a twisted pair wire, a coaxial cable, a fiber-optic link, or asimilar physical connection to a wireline network.

In some embodiments, network communications interface module 1202 can beconfigured to provide reliable, secured, and/or authenticatedcommunications. For each communication described herein, information forensuring reliable communications (i.e., guaranteed message delivery) canbe provided, perhaps as part of a message header and/or footer (e.g.,packet/message sequencing information, encapsulation header(s) and/orfooter(s), size/time information, and transmission verificationinformation such as CRC and/or parity check values). Communications canbe made secure (e.g., be encoded or encrypted) and/or decrypted/decodedusing one or more cryptographic protocols and/or algorithms, such as,but not limited to, DES, AES, RSA, Diffie-Hellman, and/or DSA. Othercryptographic protocols and/or algorithms can be used as well or inaddition to those listed herein to secure (and then decrypt/decode)communications.

Processors 1203 can include one or more general purpose processorsand/or one or more special purpose processors (e.g., digital signalprocessors, graphics processing units, application specific integratedcircuits, etc.). Processors 1203 can be configured to executecomputer-readable program instructions 1206 that are contained in thedata storage 1204 and/or other instructions as described herein.

Data storage 1204 can include one or more computer-readable storagemedia that can be read and/or accessed by at least one of processors1203. The one or more computer-readable storage media can includevolatile and/or non-volatile storage components, such as optical,magnetic, organic or other memory or disc storage, which can beintegrated in whole or in part with at least one of processors 1203. Insome embodiments, data storage 1204 can be implemented using a singlephysical device (e.g., one optical, magnetic, organic or other memory ordisc storage unit), while in other embodiments, data storage 1204 can beimplemented using two or more physical devices.

Data storage 1204 can include computer-readable program instructions1206 and perhaps additional data, such as but not limited to data usedby one or more modules and/or other components of software update buildserver 100 and/or software update distribution server 160. In someembodiments, data storage 1204 can additionally include storage requiredto perform at least part of the methods and techniques and/or at leastpart of the functionality of the devices and networks; e.g., one or moreimages, such as one or more target images and/or one or more binaryimages, source file(s), source map(s), target file(s), target map(s),transfer(s), transfer list(s), auxiliary data, graph(s), and/or updatepackage(s).

In some embodiments, computing device 1200 can include one or moresensors. The sensor(s) can be configured to measure conditions in anenvironment for computing device 1200 and provide data about thatenvironment. The data can include, but is not limited to, location dataabout computing device 1200, velocity (speed, direction) data aboutcomputing device 1200, acceleration data about computing device, andother data about the environment for computing device 1200. Thesensor(s) can include, but are not limited to, GPS sensor(s), locationsensors(s), gyroscope(s), accelerometer(s), magnetometer(s), camera(s),light sensor(s), infrared sensor(s), and microphone(s). Other examplesof sensors are possible as well.

Cloud-Based Servers

FIG. 12B depicts network 1106 of computing clusters 1209 a, 1209 b, 1209c arranged as a cloud-based server system in accordance with an exampleembodiment. Server devices 1108 and/or 1110 can be configured to performsome or all of the herein-described functions of GUIs 830, 900, 1010 a,and 1010 b, method 100, method 500, and method 1300, and/or some or allof the herein-described functionality related to one or more ofscenarios 200, 300, 600, 700, and 800.

Some or all of the modules/components of server devices 1108 and/or 1110can be cloud-based devices that store program logic and/or data ofcloud-based applications and/or services. In some embodiments, serverdevices 1108 and/or 1110 can be on a single computing device residing ina single computing center. In other embodiments, server devices 1108and/or 1110 can include multiple computing devices in a single computingcenter, or even multiple computing devices located in multiple computingcenters located in diverse geographic locations. For example, FIG. 11depicts each of server devices 1108 and 1110 residing in differentphysical locations.

In some embodiments, software and data associated with server devices1108 and/or 1110 can be encoded as computer readable information storedin non-transitory, tangible computer readable media (or computerreadable storage media) and accessible by one or more of programmabledevices 1104 a-1104 e and/or other computing devices. In someembodiments, data associated with server devices 1108 and/or 1110 can bestored on a single disk drive or other tangible storage media, or can beimplemented on multiple disk drives or other tangible storage medialocated at one or more diverse geographic locations.

FIG. 12B depicts a cloud-based server system in accordance with anexample embodiment. In FIG. 12B, the functions of server devices 1108and/or 1110 can be distributed among three computing clusters 1209 a,1209 b, and 1208 c. Computing cluster 1209 a can include one or morecomputing devices 1200 a, cluster storage arrays 1210 a, and clusterrouters 1211 a connected by a local cluster network 1212 a. Similarly,computing cluster 1209 b can include one or more computing devices 1200b, cluster storage arrays 1210 b, and cluster routers 1211 b connectedby a local cluster network 1212 b. Likewise, computing cluster 1209 ccan include one or more computing devices 1200 c, cluster storage arrays1210 c, and cluster routers 1211 c connected by a local cluster network1212 c.

In some embodiments, each of the computing clusters 1209 a, 1209 b, and1209 c can have an equal number of computing devices, an equal number ofcluster storage arrays, and an equal number of cluster routers. In otherembodiments, however, each computing cluster can have different numbersof computing devices, different numbers of cluster storage arrays, anddifferent numbers of cluster routers. The number of computing devices,cluster storage arrays, and cluster routers in each computing clustercan depend on the computing task or tasks assigned to each computingcluster.

In computing cluster 1209 a, for example, computing devices 1200 a canbe configured to perform various computing tasks of server devices 1108and/or 1110. In one embodiment, the various functionalities of serverdevices 1108 and/or 1110 can be distributed among one or more ofcomputing devices 1200 a, 1200 b, and 1200 c. Computing devices 1200 band 1200 c in computing clusters 1209 b and 1209 c can be configuredsimilarly to computing devices 1200 a in computing cluster 1209 a. Onthe other hand, in some embodiments, computing devices 1200 a, 1200 b,and 1200 c can be configured to perform different functions.

In some embodiments, computing tasks and stored data associated withserver devices 1108 and/or 1110 be distributed across computing devices1200 a, 1200 b, and 1200 c based at least in part on the storage and/orprocessing requirements of some or all components/modules of serverdevices 1108 and/or 1110, the storage and/or processing capabilities ofcomputing devices 1200 a, 1200 b, and 1200 c, the latency of the networklinks between the computing devices in each computing cluster andbetween the computing clusters themselves, and/or other factors that cancontribute to the cost, speed, fault-tolerance, resiliency, efficiency,and/or other design goals of the overall system architecture.

The cluster storage arrays 1210 a, 1210 b, and 1210 c of the computingclusters 1209 a, 1209 b, and 1209 c can be data storage arrays thatinclude disk array controllers configured to manage read and writeaccess to groups of hard disk drives. The disk array controllers, aloneor in conjunction with their respective computing devices, can also beconfigured to manage backup or redundant copies of the data stored inthe cluster storage arrays to protect against disk drive or othercluster storage array failures and/or network failures that prevent oneor more computing devices from accessing one or more cluster storagearrays.

Similar to the manner in which the functions of server devices 1108and/or 1110 can be distributed across computing devices 1200 a, 1200 b,and 1200 c of computing clusters 1209 a, 1209 b, and 1209 c, variousactive portions and/or backup portions of data for these components canbe distributed across cluster storage arrays 1210 a, 1210 b, and 1210 c.For example, some cluster storage arrays can be configured to store thedata of one or more modules/components of server devices 1108 and/or1110, while other cluster storage arrays can store data of othermodules/components of server devices 1108 and/or 1110. Additionally,some cluster storage arrays can be configured to store backup versionsof data stored in other cluster storage arrays.

The cluster routers 1211 a, 1211 b, and 1211 c in computing clusters1209 a, 1209 b, and 1209 c can include networking equipment configuredto provide internal and external communications for the computingclusters. For example, the cluster routers 1211 a in computing cluster1209 a can include one or more internet switching and routing devicesconfigured to provide (i) local area network communications between thecomputing devices 1200 a and the cluster storage arrays 1201 a via thelocal cluster network 1212 a, and (ii) wide area network communicationsbetween the computing cluster 1209 a and the computing clusters 1209 band 1209 c via the wide area network connection 1213 a to network 1106.Cluster routers 1211 b and 1211 c can include network equipment similarto the cluster routers 1211 a, and cluster routers 1211 b and 1211 c canperform similar networking functions for computing clusters 1209 b and1209 b that cluster routers 1211 a perform for computing cluster 1209 a.

In some embodiments, the configuration of the cluster routers 1211 a,1211 b, and 1211 c can be based at least in part on the datacommunication requirements of the computing devices and cluster storagearrays, the data communications capabilities of the network equipment inthe cluster routers 1211 a, 1211 b, and 1211 c, the latency andthroughput of local networks 1212 a, 1212 b, 1212 c, the latency,throughput, and cost of wide area network links 1213 a, 1213 b, and 1213c, and/or other factors that can contribute to the cost, speed,fault-tolerance, resiliency, efficiency and/or other design goals of themoderation system architecture.

Example Methods of Operation

FIG. 13 is a flow chart illustrating method 1300, in accordance with anembodiment. Method 1300 can be carried out by one or more computingdevices, such as, but not limited to, programmable device 1104 a,programmable device 1104 b, programmable device 1104 c, network 1106,server device 1108, computing device 1200, computing cluster 1209 a,computing cluster 1209 b, and/or computing cluster 1209 c.

Method 1300 can be begin at block 1310, where a computing device candetermine a light source configured to emit light, where the lightsource includes a center point, such as discussed above in the contextof at least FIGS. 1, 2A, 3A, and 7A.

At block 1320, the computing device can determine an occluding polygon,such as discussed above in the context of at least FIGS. 1, 2A, 3A, and7A. The occluding polygon can be between the light source and a receiversurface. The occluding polygon can include a plurality ofoccluding-polygon vertices connected by occluding-polygon edges. In someembodiments, the occluding polygon can be based upon a rectangle.

At block 1330, the computing device can determine a shadow of theoccluding polygon on the receiver surface using the computing device byat least carrying out the procedures of blocks 1340, 1342, 1344, 1346,and 1348.

At block 1340, for a particular occluding-polygon vertex in theplurality of occluding-polygon vertices, the computing device candetermine a projection vertex on the receiver surface based on a rayprojected from the center point through the particular occluding-polygonvertex, such as discussed above in the context of at least FIGS. 1, 2A,2B, 2C, 2D, 3A, 3B, 4A, 7A, and 7C.

At block 1342, the computing device can determine an outline polygonbased on the projection vertex, such as discussed above in the contextof at least FIGS. 1, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, 7A, 7C, and 7D. In someembodiments, the outline polygon can include a plurality of projectionvertices connected by outline-polygon edges, where the plurality ofprojection vertices includes the projection vertex, such as discussedabove in the context of at least FIGS. 1, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, 7A, 7C, and7D.

At block 1344, the computing device can determine a projection circlearound the projection vertex, such as discussed above in the context ofat least FIGS. 1, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, 7A, 7C, and 7D. In some embodiments,determining the projection circle around the projection vertex caninclude determining a radius for the projection circle based on a heightof a corresponding occluding-polygon vertex above the receiver surface,such as discussed above in the context of at least FIGS. 1, 2B, 3B, 7A,7B, 7C, and 7D.

At block 1346, the computing device can determine a penumbra of theshadow of the occluding polygon based on one or more exterior tangentsto the projection circle that are outside of the outline polygon, suchas discussed above in the context of at least FIGS. 1, 2C, 2D, 2E, 4A,4B, 4C, and 7D.

In some embodiments, determining the penumbra can include: determining aparticular outline-polygon edge of the outline-polygon edges, where theparticular outline-polygon edge connects a first projection vertex to asecond projection vertex, where the first projection vertex isassociated with a first projection circle, and where the secondprojection vertex is associated with a second projection circle;determining a normal to the particular outline-polygon edge; determininga first intersection of a first ray with the first projection circle,where the first ray starts at the first projection vertex and isdirected along the normal to the particular outline-polygon edge, andwhere the first intersection is outside of the outline polygon;determining a second intersection of a second ray with the secondprojection circle, where the second ray starts at the second projectionvertex and is directed along the normal to the particularoutline-polygon edge, and where the second intersection is outside ofthe outline polygon; and determining a particular exterior tangent thatincludes a line segment between the first intersection and the secondintersection, where the penumbra includes the particular exteriortangent, such as discussed above in the context of at least FIGS. 1, 2C,4B, and 7D.

At block 1348, the computing device can determine an umbra of the shadowof the occluding polygon based on one or more interior tangents to theprojection circle that are inside of the outline polygon, such asdiscussed above in the context of at least FIGS. 1, 2C, 2D, 2E, 4A, 4B,4C, and 7D.

In some embodiments, determining the umbra can include: determining aparticular outline-polygon edge of the outline-polygon edges, where theparticular outline-polygon edge connects a first projection vertex to asecond projection vertex, where the first projection vertex isassociated with a first projection circle, and where the secondprojection vertex is associated with a second projection circle;determining a centroid of the outline polygon; determining a firstintersection of a first ray with the first projection circle, where thefirst ray starts at the centroid of the outline polygon and is directedthrough the first projection vertex, and where the first intersection isinside of the outline polygon; determining a second intersection of asecond ray with the second projection circle, where the second raystarts at the centroid of the outline polygon and is directed throughthe second projection vertex, and where the second intersection isinside of the outline polygon; and determining a particular interiortangent that includes a line segment between the first intersection andthe second intersection, where the umbra includes the particularinterior tangent, such as discussed above in the context of at leastFIGS. 1, 2C, 4B, and 7D.

At block 1350, the computing device can provide at least part of theshadow of the occluding polygon for display, such as discussed above inthe context of at least FIGS. 1, 2E, 8C, 8E, 8F, and 10. In someembodiments, providing the at least part of the shadow of the occludingpolygon for display includes providing at least part of the umbra and/orat least part of the penumbra for display, such as discussed above inthe context of at least FIGS. 1, 2E, 8E, 8F, and 10.

In other embodiments, providing the at least part of the shadow of theoccluding polygon for display can include providing at least part of theoccluding polygon and the at least part of the shadow for display, suchas discussed above in the context of at least FIGS. 1, 2E, 8F, and 10.In other embodiments, the occluding polygon can be a user-interfaceelement of a GUI. Then, providing the at least part of the shadow of theoccluding polygon for display includes providing a display of the GUIthat includes at least part of the occluding polygon and the at leastpart of the shadow, such as discussed above in the context of at leastFIGS. 8F, and 10.

In some embodiments, method 1300 additionally can include: determining aprojection matrix, where the projection matrix is configured todetermine a projection of at least a portion of a three-dimensionalviewing volume onto the receiver surface, and where the viewing volumeincludes the light source and the occluding polygon; determining anambient-outline polygon by projecting the occluding polygon onto thereceiver surface using the projection matrix, where the ambient-outlinepolygon includes a plurality of ambient-outline vertices, and where eachof the ambient-outline vertices corresponds to an occluding-polygonvertex; for each ambient-outline vertex, determining a ambient-outlinecircle around the ambient-outline vertex; and determining an ambientshadow of the occluding polygon based on exterior tangents to theambient-outline circles that are outside of the ambient-outline polygon,such as discussed above in the context of at least FIGS. 5, 6A, 6B, 6C,and 7E. In particular embodiments, providing the at least part of theshadow of the occluding polygon for display includes providing at leastpart of the ambient shadow for display, such as discussed above in thecontext of at least FIGS. 5, 6C, 7E, 8C, and 8E.

The above detailed description describes various features and functionsof the disclosed systems, devices, and methods with reference to theaccompanying figures. In the figures, similar symbols typically identifysimilar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrativeembodiments described in the detailed description, figures, and claimsare not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments can be utilized, andother changes can be made, without departing from the spirit or scope ofthe subject matter presented herein. It will be readily understood thatthe aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described herein,and illustrated in the figures, can be arranged, substituted, combined,separated, and designed in a wide variety of different configurations,all of which are explicitly contemplated herein.

With respect to any or all of the ladder diagrams, scenarios, and flowcharts in the figures and as discussed herein, each block and/orcommunication may represent a processing of information and/or atransmission of information in accordance with example embodiments.Alternative embodiments are included within the scope of these exampleembodiments. In these alternative embodiments, for example, functionsdescribed as blocks, transmissions, communications, requests, responses,and/or messages may be executed out of order from that shown ordiscussed, including substantially concurrent or in reverse order,depending on the functionality involved. Further, more or fewer blocksand/or functions may be used with any of the ladder diagrams, scenarios,and flow charts discussed herein, and these ladder diagrams, scenarios,and flow charts may be combined with one another, in part or in whole.

A block that represents a processing of information may correspond tocircuitry that can be configured to perform the specific logicalfunctions of a herein-described method or technique. Alternatively oradditionally, a block that represents a processing of information maycorrespond to a module, a segment, or a portion of program code(including related data). The program code may include one or moreinstructions executable by a processor for implementing specific logicalfunctions or actions in the method or technique. The program code and/orrelated data may be stored on any type of computer readable medium suchas a storage device including a disk or hard drive or other storagemedium.

The computer readable medium may also include non-transitory computerreadable media such as non-transitory computer-readable media thatstores data for short periods of time like register memory, processorcache, and random access memory (RAM). The computer readable media mayalso include non-transitory computer readable media that stores programcode and/or data for longer periods of time, such as secondary orpersistent long term storage, like read only memory (ROM), optical ormagnetic disks, compact-disc read only memory (CD-ROM), for example. Thecomputer readable media may also be any other volatile or non-volatilestorage systems. A computer readable medium may be considered a computerreadable storage medium, for example, or a tangible storage device.

Moreover, a block that represents one or more information transmissionsmay correspond to information transmissions between software and/orhardware modules in the same physical device. However, other informationtransmissions may be between software modules and/or hardware modules indifferent physical devices.

While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, otheraspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art.The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes ofillustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scopebeing indicated by the following claims.

1. A method, comprising: determining a light source configured to emitlight using a computing device, wherein the light source comprises acenter point; determining an occluding polygon using the computingdevice, wherein the occluding polygon is between the light source and areceiver surface, and wherein the occluding polygon comprises aplurality of occluding-polygon vertices connected by occluding-polygonedges; determining a shadow of the occluding polygon on the receiversurface using the computing device by at least: for a particularoccluding-polygon vertex in the plurality of occluding-polygon vertices,determining a projection vertex on the receiver surface based on a rayprojected from the center point through the particular occluding-polygonvertex; determining a projection circle around the projection vertex;determining a penumbra of the shadow of the occluding polygon based onone or more tangents to the projection circle; and determining an umbraof the shadow of the occluding polygon based on one or more additionaltangents to the projection circle; and providing at least a part of theshadow of the occluding polygon for display using the computing device.2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the projection circlearound the projection vertex comprises determining a radius for theprojection circle based on a height of a corresponding occluding-polygonvertex above the receiver surface.
 3. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: determining an outline polygon comprising a plurality ofprojection vertices connected by outline-polygon edges, wherein theplurality of projection vertices comprises the projection vertex.
 4. Themethod of claim 3, wherein determining the penumbra comprises:determining a particular outline-polygon edge of the outline-polygonedges, wherein the particular outline-polygon edge connects a firstprojection vertex to a second projection vertex, wherein the firstprojection vertex is associated with a first projection circle, andwherein the second projection vertex is associated with a secondprojection circle; determining a normal to the particularoutline-polygon edge; determining a first intersection of a first raywith the first projection circle, wherein the first ray starts at thefirst projection vertex and is directed along the normal to theparticular outline-polygon edge, and wherein the first intersection isoutside of the outline polygon; determining a second intersection of asecond ray with the second projection circle, wherein the second raystarts at the second projection vertex and is directed along the normalto the particular outline-polygon edge, and wherein the secondintersection is outside of the outline polygon; and determining aparticular exterior tangent that comprises a line segment between thefirst intersection and the second intersection, wherein the penumbracomprises the particular exterior tangent.
 5. The method of claim 3,wherein determining the umbra comprises: determining a particularoutline-polygon edge of the outline-polygon edges, wherein theparticular outline-polygon edge connects a first projection vertex to asecond projection vertex, wherein the first projection vertex isassociated with a first projection circle, and wherein the secondprojection vertex is associated with a second projection circle;determining a centroid of the outline polygon; determining a firstintersection of a first ray with the first projection circle, whereinthe first ray starts at the centroid of the outline polygon and isdirected through the first projection vertex, and wherein the firstintersection is inside of the outline polygon; determining a secondintersection of a second ray with the second projection circle, whereinthe second ray starts at the centroid of the outline polygon and isdirected through the second projection vertex, and wherein the secondintersection is inside of the outline polygon; and determining aparticular interior tangent that comprises a line segment between thefirst intersection and the second intersection, wherein the umbracomprises the particular interior tangent.
 6. The method of claim 1,further comprising: determining a projection matrix, wherein theprojection matrix is configured to determine a projection of at least aportion of a three-dimensional viewing volume onto the receiver surface,and wherein the viewing volume includes the light source and theoccluding polygon; determining an ambient-outline polygon by projectingthe occluding polygon onto the receiver surface using the projectionmatrix, wherein the ambient-outline polygon comprises a plurality ofambient-outline vertices, and wherein each of the ambient-outlinevertices corresponds to an occluding-polygon vertex; for eachambient-outline vertex, determining an ambient-outline circle around theambient-outline vertex; and determining an ambient shadow of theoccluding polygon based on exterior tangents to the ambient-outlinecircles that are outside of the ambient-outline polygon.
 7. The methodof claim 6, wherein providing the at least the part of the shadow of theoccluding polygon for display comprises providing at least a part of theambient shadow for display.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein providingthe at least the part of the shadow of the occluding polygon for displaycomprises providing at least a part of the umbra and/or at least a partof the penumbra for display.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein providingthe at least the part of the shadow of the occluding polygon for displaycomprises providing at least a part of the occluding polygon and the atleast the part of the shadow for display.
 10. The method of claim 1,wherein the occluding polygon is a user-interface element of a graphicaluser interface (GUI), and wherein providing the at least the part of theshadow of the occluding polygon for display comprises providing adisplay of the GUI that includes at least a part of the occludingpolygon and the at least the part of the shadow.
 11. A computing device,comprising: one or more processors; and data storage configured to storeat least executable instructions, wherein the executable instructions,when executed by the one or more processors, cause the computing deviceto perform functions comprising: determining a light source configuredto emit light, wherein the light source comprises a center point;determining an occluding polygon between the light source and a receiversurface, wherein the occluding polygon comprises a plurality ofoccluding-polygon vertices connected by occluding-polygon edges;determining a shadow of the occluding polygon on the receiver surface byat least: for a particular occluding-polygon vertex in the plurality ofoccluding-polygon vertices, determining a projection vertex on thereceiver surface based on a ray projected from the center point throughthe particular occluding-polygon vertex; determining a projection circlearound the projection vertex; determining a penumbra of the shadow ofthe occluding polygon based on one or more tangents to the projectioncircle; and determining an umbra of the shadow of the occluding polygonbased on one or more additional tangents to the projection circle; andproviding at least a part of the shadow of the occluding polygon fordisplay.
 12. The computing device of claim 11, wherein determining theprojection circle around the projection vertex comprises determining aradius for the projection circle based on a height of a correspondingoccluding-polygon vertex above the receiver surface.
 13. The computingdevice of claim 11, wherein the functions further comprise: determiningan outline polygon comprising a plurality of projection verticesconnected by outline-polygon edges, wherein the plurality of projectionvertices comprises the projection vertex.
 14. The computing device ofclaim 13, wherein determining the penumbra comprises: determining aparticular outline-polygon edge of the outline-polygon edges, whereinthe particular outline-polygon edge connects a first projection vertexto a second projection vertex, wherein the first projection vertex isassociated with a first projection circle, and wherein the secondprojection vertex is associated with a second projection circle;determining a normal to the particular outline-polygon edge; determininga first intersection of a first ray with the first projection circle,wherein the first ray starts at the first projection vertex and isdirected along the normal to the particular outline-polygon edge, andwherein the first intersection is outside of the outline polygon;determining a second intersection of a second ray with the secondprojection circle, wherein the second ray starts at the secondprojection vertex and is directed along the normal to the particularoutline-polygon edge, and wherein the second intersection is outside ofthe outline polygon; and determining a particular exterior tangent ofthe exterior tangents that comprises a line segment between the firstintersection and the second intersection, wherein the penumbra comprisesthe particular exterior tangent.
 15. The computing device of claim 13,wherein determining the umbra comprises: determining a particularoutline-polygon edge of the outline-polygon edges, wherein theparticular outline-polygon edge connects a first projection vertex to asecond projection vertex, wherein the first projection vertex isassociated with a first projection circle, and wherein the secondprojection vertex is associated with a second projection circle;determining a centroid of the outline polygon; determining a firstintersection of a first ray with the first projection circle, whereinthe first ray starts at the centroid of the outline polygon and isdirected through the first projection vertex, and wherein the firstintersection is inside of the outline polygon; determining a secondintersection of a second ray with the second projection circle, whereinthe second ray starts at the centroid of the outline polygon and isdirected through the second projection vertex, and wherein the secondintersection is inside of the outline polygon; and determining aparticular interior tangent that comprises a line segment between thefirst intersection and the second intersection, wherein the umbracomprises the particular interior tangent.
 16. The computing device ofclaim 11, wherein the functions further comprise: determining aprojection matrix, wherein the projection matrix is configured todetermine a projection of at least a portion of a three-dimensionalviewing volume onto the receiver surface, and wherein the viewing volumeincludes the light source and the occluding polygon; determining anambient-outline polygon by projecting the occluding polygon onto thereceiver surface using the projection matrix, wherein theambient-outline polygon comprises a plurality of ambient-outlinevertices, and wherein each of the ambient-outline vertices correspondsto an occluding-polygon vertex; for each ambient-outline vertex,determining an ambient-outline circle around the ambient-outline vertex;and determining an ambient shadow of the occluding polygon based onexterior tangents to the ambient-outline circles that are outside of theambient-outline polygon.
 17. The computing device of claim 16, whereinproviding the at least the part of the shadow of the occluding polygonfor display comprises providing at least a part of the ambient shadowfor display.
 18. The computing device of claim 11, wherein providing theat least the part of the shadow of the occluding polygon for displaycomprises providing at least a part of the umbra and/or at least a partof the penumbra for display.
 19. The computing device of claim 11,wherein the occluding polygon is a user-interface element of a graphicaluser interface (GUI), and wherein providing the display of at least thepart of the shadow comprises providing a display of the GUI thatincludes at least a part of the occluding polygon and the at least thepart of the shadow.
 20. An article of manufacture including a tangiblecomputer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereonthat, in response to execution by one or more processors of a computingdevice, cause the computing device to perform functions comprising:determining a light source configured to emit light, wherein the lightsource comprises a center point; determining an occluding polygonbetween the light source and a receiver surface, wherein the occludingpolygon comprises a plurality of occluding-polygon vertices connected byoccluding-polygon edges; determining a shadow of the occluding polygonon the receiver surface by at least: for each occluding-polygon vertexin the plurality of occluding-polygon vertices, determining a projectionvertex on the receiver surface based on a ray projected from the centerpoint through the occluding-polygon vertex; determining a projectioncircle around the projection vertex; determining a penumbra of theshadow of the occluding polygon based on one or more tangents to theprojection circle; and determining an umbra of the shadow of theoccluding polygon based on one or more additional tangents to theprojection circle; and providing at least a part of the shadow of theoccluding polygon for display.